Rapid Polysorbate 80 Degradation by Liver Carboxylesterase in a Monoclonal Antibody Formulated Drug Substance at Early Stage Development

Scarcity is an instrument that is often used in crowdfunding. Crowdfunding is an alternative form of financing, especially for entrepreneurs in the early-stage development phase. This paper deals with the characteristics of profitable crowdfunding projects. Hereby, we examine the impact factors of crowdfunding’s profitability, with a special focus on limited availability (scarcity), depth of project description and the size of pledging goals as follows. Therefore, we analyze data from kickstarter.com, one of the world’s largest crowdfunding platforms, and used 494 projects and 4,224 pledge levels from the broad category technology as our database. Technology projects lend themselves particularly well to the study, as they usually contain the project result as a tangible return, thus facilitating or even enabling the monetary evaluation of the success in contrast to, for example, cultural projects. Hence, our sample includes 32% of pledge levels with limited availability. We provide empirical evidence that the limited availability in the crowdfunding projects in terms of scarcity management is positively related to the profitability of the included pledge levels. We conclude that crowdfunding projects with limited availability on pledge levels are more profitable for investors.

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Early Stage Development Of Geography Modules Of Design-Based Planning In The Study Program Of Education Geography STKIP PGRI West Sumatera

Pancaran Pendidikan ◽

10.25037/pancaran.v6i4.113 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 6 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Yusutria Yusutria ◽

Nefilinda Nefilinda

Keyword(s):

Early Stage ◽

Study Program ◽

Development Study ◽

The Public ◽

Faith Based ◽

Initial Validation ◽

Lecture Material ◽

Stage Development

The purpose of this research is to develop a faith-based disaster geography module. The module is one source of learning for students, which can facilitate students to get information and easy to apply to the public, so it can be instrumental in facing disaster. The development study used a 4D model involving three steps namely: define, design, and develop. The instruments used are validation, activities and interviews. The define phase showed that the geography lecture material of disaster is in conformity with the standards of competence and achievement lecture. The results showed that the design module validation is valid enough according to the criteria and many improvements. However, the results described here is an initial validation, and therefore still need to be validated by disaster experts, educational experts and Indonesian language experts.

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The interplay of methane and ammonia as key oxygen consuming constituents in early stage development of Base Mine Lake, the first demonstration oil sands pit lake

Applied Geochemistry ◽

10.1016/j.apgeochem.2018.03.013 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 93 ◽

pp. 49-59 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Florent F. Risacher ◽

Patrick K. Morris ◽

Daniel Arriaga ◽

Corey Goad ◽

Tara Colenbrander Nelson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oil Sands ◽

Early Stage ◽

Pit Lake ◽

Stage Development

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Mutants of Polysphondylium pallidum showing delayed modifications of glycoproteins are altered in a regulatory signal for development

Journal of Cell Science ◽

10.1242/jcs.87.1.121 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 87 (1) ◽

pp. 121-132

Author(s):

K. Toda ◽

D. Francis ◽

G. Gerisch

Keyword(s):

Monoclonal Antibody ◽

Early Stage ◽

Developmental Regulation ◽

Cell Aggregation ◽

Carbohydrate Structure ◽

Wild Type ◽

Polysphondylium Pallidum ◽

Carbohydrate Epitope ◽

Regulatory Signal ◽

Cell Surface Glycoproteins

Binding of a monoclonal antibody, mAb293, to cell-surface glycoproteins of Polysphondylium pallidum is known to be blocked by L-fucose, and Fab of this antibody has been shown to inhibit intercellular adhesion of aggregation-competent cells. Mutants with delayed expression of the carbohydrate epitope, ep293, recognized by the antibody, have been shown to be retarded and altered in cell aggregation. The present study shows that ep293 is a modification of carbohydrate structure that is subject to regulation not only in mutant but also in wild-type cells; ep293 is expressed at an early stage of exponential growth in wild-type and only after 12 h of starvation in mutant PN6002. Proteins are already glycosylated before the epitope is expressed. The developmental regulation of pallidin, a lectin known to be an unglycosylated protein, was investigated in parallel with ep293 using a monoclonal antibody. Pallidin was expressed at about the same time as the carbohydrate epitope in cells of the wild-type as well as the mutant. These results indicate a regulatory signal to which various events are coupled. Induction of ep293 and expression of pallidin are two of these events, and mutants such as PN6002 are altered in the timing of the signal.

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