scholarly journals The Drosophila LIM-homeodomain protein Islet antagonizes proneural cell specification in the peripheral nervous system

2005 ◽  
Vol 288 (2) ◽  
pp. 559-570 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inna Biryukova ◽  
Pascal Heitzler
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Homeodomain Protein ◽  
Cell Specification ◽  
Lim Homeodomain

The mouse homeodomain protein Phox2 regulates Ncam promoter activity in concert with Cux/CDP and is a putative determinant of neurotransmitter phenotype

Development ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 119 (3) ◽  
pp. 881-896 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Valarche ◽  
J.P. Tissier-Seta ◽  
M.R. Hirsch ◽  
S. Martinez ◽  
C. Goridis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Cell Adhesion ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Transcriptional Activation ◽  
Promoter Activity ◽  
Regulatory Element ◽  
Homeodomain Protein ◽  
Sensory Ganglia ◽  
Homeodomain Proteins ◽  
Regulatory Cascade

Transcriptional regulation of the gene encoding the cell adhesion receptor NCAM (neural cell adhesion molecule), a putative effector molecule of a variety of morphogenetic events, is likely to involve important regulators of morphogenesis. Here we identify two mouse homeodomain proteins that bind to an upstream regulatory element in the Ncam promoter: Cux, related to Drosophila cut and human CDP, and Phox2, a novel protein with a homeodomain related to that of the Drosophila paired gene. In transient transfection experiments, Cux was found to be a strong inhibitor of Ncam promoter activity, and this inhibition could be relieved by simultaneously overexpressing Phox2. These results suggest that the Ncam gene might be a direct target of homeodomain proteins and provide a striking example of regulatory cross-talk between homeodomain proteins of different classes. Whereas the expression pattern of Cux/CDP includes many NCAM-negative sites, Phox2 expression was restricted to cells also expressing Ncam or their progenitors. The localisation data thus strongly reinforce the notion that Phox2 plays a role in transcriptional activation of Ncam in Phox2-positive cell types. In the peripheral nervous system, Phox2 was strongly expressed in all ganglia of the autonomic nervous system and more weakly in some cranial sensory ganglia, but not in the sensory ganglia of the trunk. Phox2 transcripts were detected in the primordia of sympathetic ganglia as soon as they form. Phox2 expression in the brain was confined to spatially restricted domains in the hindbrain, which correspond to the noradrenergic and adrenergic nuclei once they are identifiable. All Phox2-expressing components of the peripheral nervous system are at least transiently adrenergic or noradrenergic. In the developing brain, Phox2 was expressed at all known locations of (nor)adrenergic neurones and of their precursors. These results suggest that Phox2, in addition to regulating the NCAM gene, may be part of the regulatory cascade that controls the differentiation of neurons towards this neurotransmitter phenotype.

Functional differences between Ultrabithorax protein isoforms in Drosophila melanogaster: evidence from elimination, substitution and ectopic expression of specific isoforms.

Genetics ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 136 (3) ◽  
pp. 979-991 ◽  
Author(s):  
V Subramaniam ◽  
H M Bomze ◽  
A J López
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Mutant Allele ◽  
Stop Codon ◽  
Functional Limitation ◽  
Ectopic Expression ◽  
Protein Isoforms ◽  
Homeodomain Protein ◽  
Alternatively Spliced

Abstract The homeotic selector gene Ultrabithorax (Ubx) specifies regional identities in multiple tissues within the thorax and abdomen of Drosophila melanogaster. Ubx encodes a family of six developmentally specific homeodomain protein isoforms translated from alternatively spliced mRNAs. The mutant allele Ubx195 contains a stop codon in exon mII, one of three differential elements, and consequently produces functional UBX protein only from mRNAs of type IVa and IVb, which are expressed mainly in the central nervous system. Although it retains activity for other processes, Ubx195 behaves like a null allele with respect to development of the peripheral nervous system, indicating that UBX-IVa and IVb alone do not contribute detectable Ubx function for this tissue. The mutant allele UbxMX17 contains an inversion of exon mII. We find that this allele only produces mRNAs of type IVa, but the expression pattern of the resulting UBX-IVa protein is indistinguishable from that of total UBX protein expression in wild-type embryos. The phenotype of homozygous UbxMX17 embryos indicates that UBX-IVa cannot substitute functionally for other isoforms to promote normal development of the peripheral nervous system. This functional limitation is confirmed by a detailed analysis of the peripheral nervous system in embryos that express specific UBX isoforms ectopically under control of a heat shock promoter. Additional observations suggest that UBX isoforms also differ in their ability to function in other tissues.

scholarly journals Control of neuronal pathway selection by the Drosophila LIM homeodomain gene apterous

Development ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 121 (6) ◽  
pp. 1769-1773 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.E. Lundgren ◽  
C.A. Callahan ◽  
S. Thor ◽  
J.B. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Reporter Gene ◽  
Small Subset ◽  
Homeodomain Protein ◽  
Neuronal Pathway ◽  
Lim Homeodomain

The Drosophila apterous gene encodes a LIM homeodomain protein expressed embryonically in a small subset of differentiating neurons. To establish the identity of these neurons and to study the role of apterous in their development, we made apterous promoter fusions to an axon-targeted reporter gene. We found that all apterous-expressing neurons are interneurons that choose a single pathway within the developing central nervous system. In apterous mutants, these neurons choose incorrect pathways and fail to fasciculate with one another. Our results indicate that apterous functions to control neuronal pathway selection and suggest that other vertebrate and invertebrate members of the LIM homeodomain class of proteins may serve similar functions.

Glucuronyl 3-sulfate occurs exclusively on distal unmyelinated terminals of selected sensory neurons in the peripheral nervous system

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 958-959
Author(s):  
S.S. Spicer ◽  
B.A. Schulte
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Sensory Neurons ◽  
Sensory Nerves ◽  
Tissue Antigens ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Leu 7

Generation of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against tissue antigens has yielded several (VC1.1, HNK- 1, L2, 4F4 and anti-leu 7) which recognize the unique sugar epitope, glucuronyl 3-sulfate (Glc A3- SO4). In the central nervous system, these MAbs have demonstrated Glc A3-SO4 at the surface of neurons in the cerebral cortex, the cerebellum, the retina and other widespread regions of the brain.Here we describe the distribution of Glc A3-SO4 in the peripheral nervous system as determined by immunostaining with a MAb (VC 1.1) developed against antigen in the cat visual cortex. Outside the central nervous system, immunoreactivity was observed only in peripheral terminals of selected sensory nerves conducting transduction signals for touch, hearing, balance and taste. On the glassy membrane of the sinus hair in murine nasal skin, just deep to the ringwurt, VC 1.1 delineated an intensely stained, plaque-like area (Fig. 1). This previously unrecognized structure of the nasal vibrissae presumably serves as a tactile end organ and to our knowledge is not demonstrable by means other than its selective immunopositivity with VC1.1 and its appearance as a densely fibrillar area in H&E stained sections.

Questions and Answers

2000 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 3-3
Author(s):  
Christopher R. Brigham ◽  
James B. Talmage
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Spinal Nerve ◽  
Sensory Loss ◽  
Residual Symptoms ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Questions And Answers ◽  
Motor Nerves ◽  
Symptoms And Signs ◽  
Limited Motion

Abstract Lesions of the peripheral nervous system (PNS), whether due to injury or illness, commonly result in residual symptoms and signs and, hence, permanent impairment. The AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides) describes procedures for rating upper extremity neural deficits in Chapter 3, The Musculoskeletal System, section 3.1k; Chapter 4, The Nervous System, section 4.4 provides additional information and an example. The AMA Guides also divides PNS deficits into sensory and motor and includes pain within the former. The impairment estimates take into account typical manifestations such as limited motion, atrophy, and reflex, trophic, and vasomotor deficits. Lesions of the peripheral nervous system may result in diminished sensation (anesthesia or hypesthesia), abnormal sensation (dysesthesia or paresthesia), or increased sensation (hyperesthesia). Lesions of motor nerves can result in weakness or paralysis of the muscles innervated. Spinal nerve deficits are identified by sensory loss or pain in the dermatome or weakness in the myotome supplied. The steps in estimating brachial plexus impairment are similar to those for spinal and peripheral nerves. Evaluators should take care not to rate the same impairment twice, eg, rating weakness resulting from a peripheral nerve injury and the joss of joint motion due to that weakness.

Chronic neonatal mild stress induces long lasting alterations on peripheral nervous system programming in mice

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Galietta ◽  
A. Capasso ◽  
A. Fortuna ◽  
F. Fabi ◽  
P. Del Basso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Mild Stress ◽  
System Programming
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