ABSTRACTOne of the signatures of evolutionarily related cell types is the expression of similar combinations of transcription factors in distantly related animals. Here we present evidence that sea urchin larvae possess bilateral clusters of ciliary photoreceptors that are positioned in the oral/anterior apical neurogenic domain and associated with pigment cells. The expression of synaptotagmin indicates that the photoreceptors are neurons. Immunostaining shows that the sea urchin photoreceptors express an RGR/GO-opsin, opsin3.2, which co-localizes with tubulin on immotile cilia on the cell surface. Furthermore, orthologs of several transcription factors expressed in vertebrate photoreceptors are expressed in sea urchin ciliary photoreceptors, including Otx, Six3, Tbx2/3, and Rx, a transcription factor typically associated with ciliary photoreceptors. Analysis of gene expression during sea urchin development indicates that the photoreceptors derive from the anterior apical neurogenic domain. Thus, based on location, developmental origin, and transcription factor expression, sea urchin ciliary photoreceptors are likely homologous to vertebrate rods and cones. However, we found that genes typically involved in eye development in many animals, including pax6, six1/2, eya, and dac, are not expressed in sea urchin ciliary photoreceptors. Instead, all four genes are co-expressed in the hydropore canal, indicating that these genes operate as a module in an unrelated developmental context. Thus, based on current evidence, we conclude that at least within deuterostomes, ciliary photoreceptors share a common evolutionary origin and express a shared regulatory state that includes Rx, Otx, and Six3, but not transcription factors that are commonly associated with the retinal determination circuit.
Position dependent responses to discontinuities in the retinal determination network