AbstractBackgroundDyshomeostasis of the gastrointestinal (GI) system is investigated as a potential contributor to metabolic dysfunction, systemic and neuro-inflammation recognized as important pathophysiological drivers of neurodegeneration. Gastrointestinal redox dyshomeostasis and dysfunctional brain-gut incretin axis have been reported in the rat model of insulin-resistant brain state (IRBS)-driven neurodegeneration induced by intracerebroventricular administration of streptozotocin (STZ-icv). The aim was to assess i) whether GI oxidative stress is accompanied by structural and functional changes of the epithelial barrier; ii) whether the brain glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor (GIP-R) is also involved in redox regulation of the gut; and iii) whether the STZ-icv brain-gut axis is resistant to pharmacological inhibition of the brain GIP-R.MethodsForty three-month-old male Wistar rats were treated with 3mg/kg STZ-icv or vehicle. One month later the animals were randomized to receive either saline or 85 μg/kg GIP-R inhibitor [Pro3]-GIP intracerebroventricularly and sacrificed 30 minutes later. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were measured in plasma and duodenum. Duodenal sections were subjected to morphometric analysis. Caspase-3 expression and activation were analyzed by western blot and spatial signal analysis was done by multiplex fluorescent signal amplification (MFSA). Data were analyzed by linear and linear mixed modeling, and exploration was done by principal component analysis.ResultsInhibition of the brain GIP-R decreased plasma TBARS in the controls and the STZ-icv animals and increased duodenal TBARS only in the controls. Acute inhibition of brain GIP-R affects duodenal epithelial cell, but not villus structure, while all morphometric parameters were altered in the STZ-icv-treated animals. Morphometric changes in the STZ-icv animals were accompanied by reduced levels of activated and total regulator of apoptosis – caspase-3. Acute inhibition of brain GIP-R inactivated duodenal apoptosis at the level of caspase-3 activation.ConclusionsBrain GIP-R is involved in the regulation of the systemic and duodenal redox homeostasis and epithelial function. Duodenal oxidative stress in the STZ-icv rats is accompanied by the resistance of the brain-gut GIP axis and morphological changes indicative of abnormal epithelial cell turnover and dysfunctional GI barrier. Dysfunction of the brain-gut incretin axis might be an important etiopathogenetic factor in neurodegeneration and a potential pharmacological target.
Nonlinear effects of environmental salinity on the gill transcriptome versus proteome of Oreochromis niloticus modulate epithelial cell turnover
