134. Eye gaze direction discrimination in schizophrenia

Eye gaze direction and expression intensity effects on emotion recognition in children with autism disorder and typically developing children were investigated. Children with autism disorder and typically developing children identified happy and angry expressions equally well. Children with autism disorder, however, were less accurate in identifying fear expressions across intensities and eye gaze directions. Children with autism disorder rated expressions with direct eyes, and 50% expressions, as more intense than typically developing children. A trend was also found for sad expressions, as children with autism disorder were less accurate in recognizing sadness at 100% intensity with direct eyes than typically developing children. Although the present research showed that children with autism disorder are sensitive to eye gaze direction, impairments in the recognition of fear, and possibly sadness, exist. Furthermore, children with autism disorder and typically developing children perceive the intensity of emotional expressions differently.

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What is unique about the human eye? Comparative image analysis on the external eye morphology of human and nonhuman great apes

10.1101/2021.09.21.461196 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Fumihiro Kano ◽

Takeshi Furuichi ◽

Chie Hashimoto ◽

Christopher Krupenye ◽

Jesse G Leinwand ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Image Analysis ◽

Eye Gaze ◽

Great Apes ◽

Gaze Direction ◽

Human Eye ◽

The Gaze ◽

Eye Morphology ◽

New Findings ◽

Heated Debate ◽

Signaling Hypothesis

The gaze-signaling hypothesis and the related cooperative-eye hypothesis posit that humans have evolved special external eye morphology, including exposed white sclera (the white of the eye), to enhance the visibility of eye-gaze direction and thereby facilitate conspecific communication through joint-attentional interaction and ostensive communication. However, recent quantitative studies questioned these hypotheses based on new findings that humans are not necessarily unique in certain eye features compared to other great ape species. Therefore, there is currently a heated debate on whether external eye features of humans are distinguished from those of other apes and how such distinguished features contribute to the visibility of eye-gaze direction. This study leveraged updated image analysis techniques to test the uniqueness of human eye features in facial images of great apes. Although many eye features were similar between humans and other species, a key difference was that humans have uniformly white sclera which creates clear visibility of both eye outline and iris; the two essential features contributing to the visibility of eye-gaze direction. We then tested the robustness of the visibility of these features against visual noises such as darkening and distancing and found that both eye features remain detectable in the human eye, while eye outline becomes barely detectable in other species under these visually challenging conditions. Overall, we identified that humans have distinguished external eye morphology among other great apes, which ensures robustness of eye-gaze signal against various visual conditions. Our results support and also critically update the central premises of the gaze-signaling hypothesis.

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Eye-Tracking Technology

Eye-Tracking Technology Applications in Educational Research - Advances in Educational Technologies and Instructional Design ◽

10.4018/978-1-5225-1005-5.ch014 ◽

2017 ◽

pp. 283-302

Author(s):

Chandni Parikh

Keyword(s):

Eye Movements ◽

Eye Tracking ◽

Eye Gaze ◽

Autism Spectrum ◽

Gaze Direction ◽

Red Flags ◽

High Risk Infants ◽

Behavioral Markers ◽

Tracking Technology ◽

Insight Into

Eye movements and gaze direction have been utilized to make inferences about perception and cognition since the 1800s. The driving factor behind recording overt eye movements stem from the fundamental idea that one's gaze provides tremendous insight into the information processing that takes place early on during development. One of the key deficits seen in individuals diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) involves eye gaze and social attention processing. The current chapter focuses on the use of eye-tracking technology with high-risk infants who are siblings of children diagnosed with ASD in order to highlight potential bio-behavioral markers that can inform the ascertainment of red flags and atypical behaviors associated with ASD within the first few years of development.

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Is eye gaze direction always determined without intent?

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review ◽

10.3758/s13423-014-0642-1 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 21 (6) ◽

pp. 1495-1500 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Shannon O’Malley ◽

Derek Besner

Keyword(s):

Eye Gaze ◽

Gaze Direction

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Enhanced combined eye gaze direction classification and head flexion detection system

IEEE Long Island Systems, Applications and Technology (LISAT) Conference 2014 ◽

10.1109/lisat.2014.6845188 ◽

2014 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Amer Al-Rahayfeh ◽

Miad Faezipour

Keyword(s):

Detection System ◽

Eye Gaze ◽

Gaze Direction ◽

Head Flexion

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Gaze Direction Influences Awareness in Recognition Memory for Faces after Intentional Learning

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.2466/pms.109.1.224-234 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 109 (1) ◽

pp. 224-234 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Noémy Daury

Keyword(s):

Face Recognition ◽

Recognition Memory ◽

Incidental Learning ◽

Eye Gaze ◽

The State ◽

Gaze Direction ◽

Intentional Learning ◽

Learning Experiment ◽

Direct Gaze

Previous research has shown that direct gaze elicits more hits than deviated gaze in face recognition tasks. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether the state of awareness that accompanied recognition was different for faces with eye gaze directed toward the observer as compared with faces looking elsewhere. This state of awareness was assessed using the “Remember-Know-Guess” paradigm. Three different experiments were conducted including, respectively, 24 (12 women, 12 men), 24 (12 women, 12 men), and 28 (15 women, 13 men) volunteer participants ages 18 to 31 ( M1 = 20.8, SD1 = 2.8; M2 = 20.7, SD2 = 2.4; M3 = 21.5, SD3 = 3.6). Experiments comprised two incidental learning experiments using, respectively, frontal views and profile views of faces at encoding, and one intentional learning experiment using profile views of faces at encoding. Surprisingly, the effect of direct gaze observed in previous studies was not replicated. The rates of Hits were not significantly higher for faces showing direct gaze than for faces with deviated gaze across the three experiments. However, in the intentional learning experiment, rates of Remember responses were significantly higher in the direct gaze than in the deviated gaze condition.

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Perception of eye gaze direction in a case of acquired prosopagnosia

Neuropsychologie clinique et appliquée ◽

10.46278/j.ncacn.201907284 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (Fall 2019) ◽

pp. 105-119

Author(s):

Britt Erni ◽

Roland Maurer ◽

Dirk Kerzel ◽

Nicolas Burra

Keyword(s):

Eye Gaze ◽

Superior Temporal Sulcus ◽

Brain Lesions ◽

Gaze Direction ◽

Healthy Women ◽

Social Settings ◽

The Face

The ability to perceive the direction of eye gaze is critical in social settings. Brain lesions in the superior temporal sulcus (STS) impair this ability. We investigated the perception of gaze direction of PS, a patient suffering from acquired prosopagnosia (Rossion et al., 2003). Despite lesions in the face network, the STS was spared in PS. We assessed perception of gaze direction in PS with upright, inverted, and contrast-reversed faces. Compared to the performance of 11 healthy women matched for age and education, PS demonstrated abnormal discrimination of gaze direction with upright and contrast-reversed faces, but not with inverted faces. Our findings suggest that the inability of the patient to process faces holistically weakened her perception of gaze direction, especially in demanding tasks.

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