The application of the concept of reaction layer to the study of electrode processes coupled with the second-order chemical reactions at microelectrodes under steady-state conditions

1997 ◽  
Vol 440 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 103-109
Author(s):  
Q Zhuang
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Chemical Reactions ◽  
Reaction Layer ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Electrode Processes

Transient changes in muscle high-energy phosphates during moderate exercise

1993 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 648-656 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. D. Marsh ◽  
D. H. Paterson ◽  
J. J. Potwarka ◽  
R. T. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
High Energy Phosphates ◽  
Order Model ◽  
Time Constants ◽  
First Order

The purpose of this study was to use 31P-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to examine changes in wrist flexor muscle metabolism during the transitions from rest to steady-state exercise (on-transient) and back to rest (off-transient). Five healthy young males (mean age 25 +/- 2 yr) performed a series of square-wave exercise tests, each consisting of 5 min of moderate-intensity work followed by a 5-min recovery period. The subjects repeated this protocol six times, and each individual's results were pooled before analysis. ATP and intracellular pH did not change significantly during exercise or recovery. Phosphocreatine (PCr) declined progressively at the onset of exercise, reaching a plateau after approximately 2 min. A reciprocal increase in Pi occurred during the onset of exercise. During the recovery period PCr was resynthesized, whereas Pi returned to resting levels. The data were plotted as a function of time and fit with both first- and second-order exponential growth or decay models; however, the second-order model did not significantly improve the fit of the data. Time constants for the first-order model of the on- and off-transient responses for both PCr and Pi were approximately 30 s. These values are nearly identical to the time constants for oxygen consumption during submaximal exercise that have been reported previously by several authors. The results of this study show that the metabolism of muscle PCr during steady-state exercise and recovery can be accurately described by a monoexponential model and, further, suggest that a first-order proportionality exists between metabolic substrate utilization and oxygen consumption.

Steady-state analysis of second-order traffic models and application to traffic flow control

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1444-1466
Author(s):  
J. Sau ◽  
J. Monteil ◽  
R. Billot ◽  
N-E. El Faouzi
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Flow Control ◽  
Traffic Flow ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Steady State Analysis ◽  
Traffic Models ◽  
State Analysis

scholarly journals A 2D Non-Linear Second-Order Differential Model for Electrostatic Circular Membrane MEMS Devices: A Result of Existence and Uniqueness

Mathematics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 1193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo Di Barba ◽  
Luisa Fattorusso ◽  
Mario Versaci
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Mean Curvature ◽  
Existence And Uniqueness ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Circular Membrane ◽  
Mems Devices ◽  
Differential Model ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
The Mean ◽  
State Case

In the framework of 2D circular membrane Micro-Electric-Mechanical-Systems (MEMS), a new non-linear second-order differential model with singularity in the steady-state case is presented in this paper. In particular, starting from the fact that the electric field magnitude is locally proportional to the curvature of the membrane, the problem is formalized in terms of the mean curvature. Then, a result of the existence of at least one solution is achieved. Finally, two different approaches prove that the uniqueness of the solutions is not ensured.

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