Malignant Lesions of the Thyroid Gland

The occurrence of focal lesions in the thyroid gland affects up to 65% of the general population, and an important element of diagnostics is the most precise possible distinction between benign and malignant lesions. Despite advanced knowledge and developed algorithms, in some cases the decision to proceed further may cause problems even for an experienced clinician. A promising tool in estimating oncological risk is sonoelastography. This article aims to approximate and organize knowledge in this field in relation to focal lesions of the thyroid gland and to encourage the implementation of the method in everyday practice.

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Importance of ELABELA in the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant lesions of the thyroid gland

Archives of Endocrinology and Metabolism ◽

10.20945/2359-3997000000293 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Mehmet Bankir ◽

Cansu Abayli ◽

Fettah Acibucu

Keyword(s):

Differential Diagnosis ◽

Thyroid Gland ◽

Malignant Lesions

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Thyroid Adenomas in Children

Annals of the Russian academy of medical sciences ◽

10.15690/vramn.v70.i5.1436 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 70 (5) ◽

pp. 513-518

Author(s):

D. A. Morozov ◽

E. S. Pimenova ◽

E. D. Mirokova

Keyword(s):

Thyroid Gland ◽

Thyroid Nodules ◽

Clinical Symptoms ◽

Nodular Goiter ◽

Surgical Approaches ◽

Number Of Patients ◽

Thyroid Adenomas ◽

Malignant Lesions ◽

Treatment Prognosis ◽

Cancer In Children

According to the papers thyroid nodules are quite rare in the first two decades of life. However, there are some exceptions, relating to areas with an iodine deficiency or affected by radioactive fallout, where the risk of nodules and carcinomas is increased. Therefore, it is a great challenge for the physician to distinguish between benign and malignant lesions preoperatively, and not only in these areas of greater risk. The authors analyzed current works, which are devoted to diagnostics and treatment of adenomas of thyroid gland in children. This literature review is based on works dedicated to epidemiology, histotypes study, and methods of diagnostics, surgical treatment, prognosis and complications of this pathology. The current tendencies in surgical approaches, intraoperative monitoring of recurrent laryngeal nerve are also discussed. The actuality of this problem is connected with last decade increase of adenomas in structure of thyroid gland nodules, increase of number of patients with multiple adenomas and with polypathias: adenomas with nodular goiter, autoimmune thyroiditis and cancer in children. The difficulties of diagnostic of adenomas are related to the similar clinical symptoms, cytogenetic characteristics of growth of benign and malignant lesions of thyroid gland. Additionally there is no systematic review about thyroid adenomas in children recent years.

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Two cases of thyroid gland invasion by upper mediastinal carcinoma

Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism Case Reports ◽

10.1530/edm-19-0028 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Haruhiko Yamazaki ◽

Hiroyuki Iwasaki ◽

Yoichiro Okubo ◽

Nobuyasu Suganuma ◽

Katsuhiko Masudo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Thyroid Gland ◽

Thyroid Carcinoma ◽

Small Cell Lung Carcinoma ◽

Treatment Strategies ◽

Pathological Examination ◽

List Type ◽

Pathological Findings ◽

Cell Lung Carcinoma ◽

Mediastinal Tumors ◽

Malignant Lesions

Summary The objective this study is to report two cases of thyroid gland invasion by upper mediastinal carcinoma. Mediastinal tumors are uncommon and represent 3% of the tumors seen within the chest. In reports on mediastinal masses, the incidence of malignant lesions ranged from 25 to 49%. The thyroid gland can be directly invaded by surrounding organ cancers. We report these cases contrasting them to the case of a thyroid cancer with mediastinal lesions. Case 1 was a 73-year-old woman who was diagnosed with papillary thyroid carcinoma, and she underwent surgery and postoperative radioactive iodine. Case 2 was a 74-year-old man who was diagnosed with non-small-cell lung carcinoma, favor squamous cell carcinoma, and he underwent chemoradiotherapy. Case 3 was a 77-year-old man who was diagnosed a thymic carcinoma based on pathological findings and referred the patient to thoracic surgeons for surgical management. The images of the three cases were similar, and the differential diagnoses were difficult and required pathological examination. Primary thyroid carcinoma and invading carcinoma originating from the adjacent organs need to be distinguished because their prognoses and treatment strategies are different. It is important to properly diagnose them by images and pathological findings. Learning points: The thyroid gland in the anterior neck can be directly invaded by surrounding organ cancers. Primary thyroid carcinoma and invading carcinoma originating from the adjacent organs need to be distinguished because their prognoses and treatment strategies are different. It is important to properly diagnose by images and pathological findings.

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The importance of compression elastography in the evaluation of thyroid nodule malignancy

Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo ◽

10.2298/sarh161020087g ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 145 (9-10) ◽

pp. 463-469

Author(s):

Milos Gasic ◽

Sava Stajic ◽

Biljana Vitosevic ◽

Predrag Mandic ◽

Jasmina Ciric ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Thyroid Gland ◽

Roc Analysis ◽

Imaging Techniques ◽

Resistance Index ◽

Strain Ratio ◽

Malignant Lesions ◽

Benign Nodules ◽

Index Strain

Introduction/Objective. Compression, also called strain elastography imaging techniques, represent new echotomographic modality, which is a promising method for the differentiation of benign from malignant lesions, not only in the thyroid gland but also in other organs. The objective of this study is to evaluate the importance of compression elastography in the differentiation of benign and malignant thyroid nodules. Methods. We performed echotomographic examinations in B mode, and examinations using compression elastography in a total of 186 persons (152 females and 34 males, with the average age of 45.3 ? 13.5 years), with 264 nodules in the thyroid gland. Elastography was done in two steps: the first one through scoring elastographic figures, and the second one through the determination of the resistance index (strain ratio ? SR). Results. Using elastography scores by Fukunari, 44 of 60 malignant nodules had a score of 3?4, while 152 of the 204 benign nodules had a score of 1?2. Using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, the best cut-off point obtained using elastography scores was 2, with a sensitivity of 73.3% and specificity of 74.5%. Using the software-calculated SR we found that out of 89 nodules with SR ? 2.5, 52 were malignant nodules, while out of 175 nodules with SR < 2.5, 167 were benign nodules. Using the ROC analysis, the best cut-off point obtained using SR was > 2.5, with a sensitivity of 86.7%, and specificity of 81.9%. Conclusion. As a follow-up of standard echotomographic examination in B mode, compression elastography is a newly developed and promising technique in the differentiation of benign from malignant lesions.

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„Rés a pajzson” – a pajzsmirigy modern képalkotó vizsgálata multidiszciplináris szemszögből

Orvosi Hetilap ◽

10.1556/650.2021.32001 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 162 (14) ◽

pp. 530-541

Author(s):

Péter Palásti ◽

Tamás Zombori ◽

László Kaiser ◽

Sándor Magony ◽

Flóra Kakuja ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Thyroid Gland ◽

Fine Needle Biopsy ◽

Daily Routine ◽

Fine Needle ◽

Routine Work ◽

The Us ◽

Reporting Systems ◽

Malignant Lesions ◽

The Relationship

Összefoglaló. A pajzsmirigy az első szervek közé tartozik, melyek megjelenítésében, betegségeinek felfedezésében az ultrahang-diagnosztikának fontos szerepe van. A pajzsmirigybetegségek a lakosság jelentős részét érintik, és a technika fejlődésével egyre több pajzsmirigyeltérés, göb kerül felfedezésre. A pajzsmirigy rosszindulatú folyamatainak nincs egy bizonyos specifikus jele, viszont az ultrahangkép alapján meghatározhatók a malignitásra gyanús eltérések. Erre az elmúlt években több összefoglaló rendszer is született. Jelen összefoglaló tanulmányunknak az a célja, hogy bemutassuk a pajzsmirigy ultrahangdiagnosztikájának fejlődését; összehasonlítsuk az egyes leletezési rendszereket, úgymint TIRADS, EU-TIRADS, K-TIRADS, melyek célja a feltehetőleg rosszindulatú göbök kiszűrése, azonosítása a mindennapi rutinmunka során; vizsgáljuk a különböző rendszerek kapcsolatát a patológia által használt Bethesda-pontrendszerrel. Az ultrahangvizsgálat megfelelő értékelése, a pontrendszerek ismerete segíthet a pajzsmirigygöb differenciáldiagnózisában, a követési frekvencia meghatározásában, csökkentheti az aspirációs citológiák számát, ezzel támogatva a klinikai döntéshozatalt. Orv Hetil. 2021; 162(14): 530–541. Summary. The thyroid gland was one of the first organs, the ultrasound (US) examination of which has played an important role. The thyroid diseases affect a large part of the population, and with the development of imaging technology, more and more thyroid abnormalities, nodules and malignant lesions are being discovered. There are no specific signs of thyroid cancer, but the suspicious signs could be determined by US. In recent years, several systems have been developed. The aim of our review is to demonstrate the development of US diagnostics of the thyroid gland; to compare the different reporting systems, such as TIRADS, EU-TIRADS, K-TIRADS, which should help to identify the questionable lesions in the daily routine work. We examine the relationship between the different US systems and the Bethesda point score used by pathologists. The literature review shows that the US examination supports the clinical decisions, helps to select, who should have a fine-needle biopsy, and allows to determine the frequency of follow-up. The number of unnecessary fine-needle biopsies could be reduced, too. Our paper is part of a bigger research, the ethical license number is 23/2020, University of Szeged. Orv Hetil. 2021; 162(14): 530–541.

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