scholarly journals Two cases of thyroid gland invasion by upper mediastinal carcinoma

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haruhiko Yamazaki ◽  
Hiroyuki Iwasaki ◽  
Yoichiro Okubo ◽  
Nobuyasu Suganuma ◽  
Katsuhiko Masudo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Thyroid Carcinoma ◽  
Small Cell Lung Carcinoma ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Pathological Examination ◽  
List Type ◽  
Pathological Findings ◽  
Cell Lung Carcinoma ◽  
Mediastinal Tumors ◽  
Malignant Lesions

Summary The objective this study is to report two cases of thyroid gland invasion by upper mediastinal carcinoma. Mediastinal tumors are uncommon and represent 3% of the tumors seen within the chest. In reports on mediastinal masses, the incidence of malignant lesions ranged from 25 to 49%. The thyroid gland can be directly invaded by surrounding organ cancers. We report these cases contrasting them to the case of a thyroid cancer with mediastinal lesions. Case 1 was a 73-year-old woman who was diagnosed with papillary thyroid carcinoma, and she underwent surgery and postoperative radioactive iodine. Case 2 was a 74-year-old man who was diagnosed with non-small-cell lung carcinoma, favor squamous cell carcinoma, and he underwent chemoradiotherapy. Case 3 was a 77-year-old man who was diagnosed a thymic carcinoma based on pathological findings and referred the patient to thoracic surgeons for surgical management. The images of the three cases were similar, and the differential diagnoses were difficult and required pathological examination. Primary thyroid carcinoma and invading carcinoma originating from the adjacent organs need to be distinguished because their prognoses and treatment strategies are different. It is important to properly diagnose them by images and pathological findings. Learning points: The thyroid gland in the anterior neck can be directly invaded by surrounding organ cancers. Primary thyroid carcinoma and invading carcinoma originating from the adjacent organs need to be distinguished because their prognoses and treatment strategies are different. It is important to properly diagnose by images and pathological findings.

scholarly journals Microcalcifications without a thyroid nodule as the sole sign of papillary thyroid carcinoma

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stamatina Ioakim ◽  
Vasilis Constantinides ◽  
Meropi Toumba ◽  
Theodoros Lyssiotis ◽  
Angelos Kyriacou
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma ◽  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Thyroid Carcinoma ◽  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Needle Aspiration ◽  
List Type ◽  
Papillary Thyroid ◽  
Resected Tissue ◽  
Current Guidelines

Summary Our objective is to demonstrate the importance of considering microcalcifications even without evidence of nodules as a potential sign of malignancy. Current guidelines, such as those of the British Thyroid Association, acknowledge the clinical significance of microcalcifications only when found within nodules. In this case, they are considered a suspicious feature, classifying the nodules as U5 (i.e. high risk) where fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) is warranted, following the high likelihood of cancer in these nodules. In addition, there is a dearth of evidence of ultrasound scan (USS) detection of microcalcifications in the thyroid gland outside of nodules, along with their associated clinical implications. Yet, this clinical manifestation is not so infrequent considering that we do encounter patients in the clinic showing these findings upon ultrasound examination. Three patients who presented to our clinic with thyroid-related symptoms were shown to have areas of microcalcifications without a nodule upon sonographic evaluation of their thyroid gland. These incidentally detected hyperechoic foci were later confirmed to correspond to areas of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) on histopathological examination of resected tissue following thyroidectomy. Four more cases were identified with sonographic evidence of microcalcifications without nodules and given their clinical and other sonographic characteristics were managed with active surveillance instead. Learning points Echogenic foci known as microcalcifications may be visible without apparent association to nodular structures. Microcalcifications without nodules may not be an infrequent finding. Microcalcifications are frequently indicative of malignancy within the thyroid gland even without a clearly delineated nodule. Empirically, the usual guidelines for the management of thyroid nodules can be applied to the management of microcalcifications not confined to a nodule, but such a finding per se should be classified as a ‘high-risk’ sign.

scholarly journals CORRELATION BETWEEN TSH, T3, T4 AND HISTOLOGICAL TYPES OF THYROID CARCINOMA

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hilda Fitriyani ◽  
T. Ibnu Alferraly ◽  
Lidya Imelda Laksmi
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Thyroid Carcinoma ◽  
Thyroid Function Test ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Pathological Examination ◽  
Endocrine Gland ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Low T3 ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Chi Square Analysis

Thyroid carcinoma is a malignancy of the thyroid gland derived from follicular or parafollicular cells. Thyroid carcinoma is the most common endocrine gland malignancy and accounts for approximately 1% of all malignancies. Thyroid carcinoma ranked ninth of 10 most common carcinomas in Indonesia. It may occur at any age but is usually diagnosed between the 3rd and 6th decade. The incidence is three or four times higher in females than in males. Based on histological features thyroid carcinoma is classified into four major types: papillary, follicular, anaplastic and medullary carcinoma. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH), Triiodothyronine (T3), Thyroxine (T4) are thyroid gland hormones. Low T3 and T4 accompanied with high TSH levels are associated with malignancy in thyroid carcinoma. This study aimed to determine the correlation between TSH, T3, T4 hormone levels, and histological type of thyroid carcinoma at the Adam Malik Hospital Medan between 2013 and 2015. The study was a cross-sectional analytical study. The sample was be obtained using consecutive sampling method. Data were collected from medical records of thyroid carcinoma patients that had undergone pathological examination and thyroid function test at the Adam Malik Hospital Medan between 2013 and 2015. Based on the Chi-Square analysis, there was a significant difference between T3 hormone level with the histopathological type of thyroid carcinoma (p<0.001), however it did not apply to the level of T4 (p = 0.120) and TSH (p = 0.328).

Metastatic small-cell lung carcinoma to the thyroid gland: a case report

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 236-239
Author(s):  
Pamela Boimel ◽  
Aruna Turaka
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Unusual Case ◽  
Small Cell Lung Carcinoma ◽  
Rare Event ◽  
Small Cell ◽  
Small Cell Lung ◽  
Cell Lung Carcinoma ◽  
History Of ◽  
Widespread Dissemination ◽  
Prior Malignancy

AbstractObjectMetastasis to the thyroid gland is a rare event.MethodsWe describe an unusual case of a 38-year-old woman with a history of small-cell lung cancer (SCLC), presenting with a new nodule in the thyroid gland, found to be metastatic SCLC, without evidence of widespread dissemination.ConclusionsA new thyroid nodule should be carefully evaluated for metastasis in a patient with a history of prior malignancy.

Differential utilization of calcitonin gene regulatory DNA sequences in cultured lines of medullary thyroid carcinoma and small-cell lung carcinoma

1990 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 1773-1778
Author(s):  
A de Bustros ◽  
R Y Lee ◽  
D Compton ◽  
T Y Tsong ◽  
S B Baylin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Carcinoma ◽  
Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma ◽  
Lung Carcinoma ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Small Cell Lung Carcinoma ◽  
Small Cell ◽  
Small Cell Lung ◽  
Cell Lung Carcinoma ◽  
Medullary Thyroid ◽  
Calcitonin Gene

Regulation of expression of the human calcitonin gene was found to differ between two tumor lines of different tissue origin, medullary thyroid carcinoma (TT line) and small-cell lung carcinoma (DMS53 line). Distal 5' DNA elements between -750 and -2000 exhibited a stronger basal activity in DMS53 than in TT cells, whereas proximal DNA sequences between -132 and -252 mediated a dramatic cyclic AMP response in TT but not DMS53 cells.

scholarly journals Differential utilization of calcitonin gene regulatory DNA sequences in cultured lines of medullary thyroid carcinoma and small-cell lung carcinoma.

1990 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 1773-1778 ◽  
Author(s):  
A de Bustros ◽  
R Y Lee ◽  
D Compton ◽  
T Y Tsong ◽  
S B Baylin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Carcinoma ◽  
Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma ◽  
Lung Carcinoma ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Small Cell Lung Carcinoma ◽  
Small Cell ◽  
Small Cell Lung ◽  
Cell Lung Carcinoma ◽  
Medullary Thyroid ◽  
Calcitonin Gene

Regulation of expression of the human calcitonin gene was found to differ between two tumor lines of different tissue origin, medullary thyroid carcinoma (TT line) and small-cell lung carcinoma (DMS53 line). Distal 5' DNA elements between -750 and -2000 exhibited a stronger basal activity in DMS53 than in TT cells, whereas proximal DNA sequences between -132 and -252 mediated a dramatic cyclic AMP response in TT but not DMS53 cells.

scholarly journals Perforation of small intestinal metastasis of lung adenocarcinoma treated with pembrolizumab: a case report

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shoki Sato ◽  
Naoto Senmaru ◽  
Keita Ishido ◽  
Takahiro Saito ◽  
Saseem Poudel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Programmed Cell Death ◽  
Lung Adenocarcinoma ◽  
Small Cell Lung Carcinoma ◽  
Bowel Perforation ◽  
Pathological Examination ◽  
Cell Lung Carcinoma ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
Intestinal Metastasis

Abstract Background Pembrolizumab is an immune checkpoint inhibitor and is an anti-human programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) monoclonal antibody. Pembrolizumab is used for non-small cell lung carcinoma with high programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) expression. It has been found that better overall survival can be obtained using pembrolizumab compared to the existing chemotherapy. We report a case of perforation of small intestinal metastasis after pembrolizumab treatment. Case presentation A 62-year-old man was treated by pembrolizumab for PD-L1 highly expressed lung adenocarcinoma, with multiple metastasis (small intestinal, lymph nodes, and bone). The treatment was stopped owing to drug-induced pneumonitis. One month after drug withdrawal, the patient visited the emergency department of our hospital with the complaint of severe stomachache. He had a rigid abdomen and generalized tenderness, and computed tomography scans showed free air within the abdomen. We diagnosed bowel perforation and performed emergency surgery. Surgical findings revealed multiple small intestine metastasis and mesenteric lymph node metastasis. Perforation was found in the metastatic site in the jejunum located around 40 cm anal to Treitz’s ligament. This perforated part was resected, and functional end-to-end anastomosis was performed using linear staplers. The post-operative course was uneventful. Pathological examination revealed lung adenocarcinoma metastasis at the perforation site, and the effectiveness of pembrolizumab was grade 1b (Japanese Classification of the Colorectal Carcinoma, seventh edition). Conclusions This is the first report of perforation of small intestinal metastasis of lung adenocarcinoma after pembrolizumab treatment. Because pembrolizumab causes some side effects, particularly autoimmune side effects, careful attention during treatment is warranted.

scholarly journals Autophagy Inhibition in BRAF-Driven Cancers

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 3498
Author(s):  
Mona Foth ◽  
Martin McMahon
Keyword(s):  
Small Cell Lung Carcinoma ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Braf Inhibitor ◽  
Oncogenic Signaling ◽  
Mtor Inhibition ◽  
Patient Response ◽  
Cell Lung Carcinoma ◽  
Acquired Drug Resistance ◽  
Amp Activated Protein Kinase ◽  
The Relationship

Several BRAF-driven cancers, including advanced BRAFV600E/K-driven melanoma, non-small-cell lung carcinoma, and thyroid cancer, are currently treated using first-line inhibitor combinations of BRAFV600E plus MEK1/2. However, despite the success of this vertical inhibition strategy, the durability of patient response is often limited by the phenomenon of primary or acquired drug resistance. It has recently been shown that autophagy, a conserved cellular recycling process, is increased in BRAF-driven melanoma upon inhibition of BRAFV600E signaling. Autophagy is believed to promote tumor progression of established tumors and also to protect cancer cells from the cytotoxic effects of chemotherapy. To this end, BRAF inhibitor (BRAFi)-resistant cells often display increased autophagy compared to responsive lines. Several mechanisms have been proposed for BRAFi-induced autophagy, such as activation of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress gatekeeper GRP78, AMP-activated protein kinase, and transcriptional regulation of the autophagy regulating transcription factors TFEB and TFE3 via ERK1/2 or mTOR inhibition. This review describes the relationship between BRAF-targeted therapy and autophagy regulation, and discusses possible future treatment strategies of combined inhibition of oncogenic signaling plus autophagy for BRAF-driven cancers.

scholarly journals Extrapulmonary poorly differentiated NECs, including molecular and immune aspects

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (7) ◽  
pp. R219-R238
Author(s):  
Mairéad G McNamara ◽  
Jean-Yves Scoazec ◽  
Thomas Walter
Keyword(s):  
Advanced Disease ◽  
Small Cell Lung Carcinoma ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Small Cell ◽  
Response To Treatment ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Disease Category ◽  
Cell Lung Carcinoma ◽  
Poorly Differentiated ◽  
Line Setting

Patients with extrapulmonary poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas (EP-PD-NECs) have a poor prognosis. Surgery is offered for those with localised disease, but the majority of patients present with advanced disease. Treatment strategies adopted are analogous to that of high grade NECs of the lung, with platinum/etoposide-based regimens advocated in the first-line setting for advanced disease. There is no standard second-line therapy. Research into their molecular and immune pathways may pave the way for novel drug discovery. The molecular drivers of NEC are best identified in small cell lung carcinoma, which present with near universal genomic alterations in TP53 and RB1. The genetics of EP-PD-NEC remain poorly understood; TP53, KRAS, PIK3CA/PTEN and BRAF mutations have been identified, with alterations in the BRCA pathway reported additionally in small cell NEC of the cervix and absence of argininosuccinate synthetase 1 expression in NEC of the urinary bladder. The use of cell lines and patient-derived xenografts (PDX) to predict response to treatment in NEC and the emergence of alternative biomarkers, such as circulating tumour cells and cell-free DNA, will also be explored. Despite limited published data on the immune microenvironment of EP-NEC, there are a number of clinical trials investigating the use of immune-targeted agents in this disease category, with conflicting emerging data from studies thus far. This review will summarise the treatment and available molecular and immune data in this under researched diagnosis and may stimulate the direction of future exploratory studies.

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