The impact of bromide on the formation of neutral and acidic disinfection by-products (DBPs) in Mediterranean chlorinated drinking water

2002 ◽  
Vol 36 (10) ◽  
pp. 2596-2606 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Kampioti
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Chlorinated Drinking Water ◽  
The Impact ◽  
By Products

Assessment and management of health risks related to the recycling of filter backwash water in drinking water production

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 166-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Loret ◽  
L. Cossalter ◽  
S. Robert ◽  
I. Baudin ◽  
M. Conan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Direct Filtration ◽  
Cryptosporidium Oocysts ◽  
Untreated Water ◽  
Drinking Water Production ◽  
The Impact ◽  
By Products ◽  
Filter Backwash Water

Analytical campaigns were conducted on different drinking water treatment lines in order to characterize filter backwash water and assess the impact of recycling this water at the head of the plant. The pollutants identified in this water are essentially in the form of particles. Recycling this water may consequently increase the concentration of parameters such as turbidity, suspended solids, metals from coagulants and protozoa. On the other hand, no release of pesticides nor significant generation of disinfection by-products was observed during filter backwash with chlorinated water, in the conditions applied in France for chlorination. A modeling approach based on the mass balance of Cryptosporidium oocysts was applied to estimate the impact of recycling on oocysts concentration in the inlet water. A risk of infection was then assessed for each recycling scenario. A similar approach was also applied for amoebae, which have the capacity to colonize filter media, and for metal residues from coagulants. The results of this study demonstrate that two different situations have to be considered separately: • In the case of treatment lines composed of separate sedimentation and filtration steps, recycling at the head of the treatment process, even with no treatment, has no significant consequence on the microbial quality of the inlet water, and generates no additional health risk for the consumer. • In the case of treatment lines with no sedimentation step (direct filtration or UF used alone), recycling untreated water generates an excess of risk for the consumer which is not acceptable. Adding a coagulation / sedimentation step in the recycling circuit is sufficient in that case to keep the risk within acceptable limits.

scholarly journals Effects of Pre-Oxidation on Haloacetonitrile and Trichloronitromethane Formation during Subsequent Chlorination of Nitrogenous Organic Compounds

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 1046 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ao Wang ◽  
Chenshuo Lin ◽  
Zhen Shen ◽  
Zhigang Liu ◽  
Hang Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Disinfection Byproducts ◽  
Enhanced Coagulation ◽  
Oxidation Processes ◽  
Detection Technology ◽  
Conventional Technology ◽  
Chlorinated Drinking Water ◽  
By Products

The reaction between organic matter and disinfectants leads to the formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in drinking water. With the improvement of detection technology and in-depth research, more than 1000 kinds of DBPs have been detected in drinking water. Nitrogenous DBPs (N-DBPs) are more genotoxic and cytotoxic than the regulated DBPs. The main methods are enhanced coagulation, pretreatment, and depth technologies which based are on conventional technology. Amino acids (AAs) are widely found in surface waters and play an important role by providing precursors from which toxic nitrogenous disinfection by-products (N-DBPs) are generated in chlorinated drinking water. The formation of N-DBPs, including dichloroacetonitrile, trichloroacetonitrile, and trichloronitromethane (TCNM), was investigated by analyzing chlorinated water using ozone (OZ), permanganate (PM), and ferrate (Fe(VI)) pre-oxidation processes. This paper has considered the control of pre-oxidation over N-DBPs formation of AAs, OZ, PM, and Fe(VI) pre-oxidation reduced the haloacetonitrile formation in the downstream chlorination. PM pre-oxidation decreased the TCNM formation during the subsequent chlorination, while Fe(VI) pre-oxidation had no significant influence on the TCNM formation, and OZ pre-oxidation increased the formation. OZ pre-oxidation formed the lowest degree of bromine substitution during subsequent chlorination of aspartic acid in the presence of bromide. Among the three oxidants, PM pre-oxidation was expected to be the best choice for reducing the estimated genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of the sum of the measured haloacetonitriles (HANs) and TCNM without bromide. Fe(VI) pre-oxidation had the best performance in the presence of bromide.

The impact of iodinated X-ray contrast agents on formation and toxicity of disinfection by-products in drinking water

2017 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
pp. 173-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clara H. Jeong ◽  
Edward J. Machek ◽  
Morteza Shakeri ◽  
Stephen E. Duirk ◽  
Thomas A. Ternes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Contrast Agents ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The Impact ◽  
By Products

Multivariate distributions of disinfection by-products in chlorinated drinking water

2009 ◽  
Vol 43 (14) ◽  
pp. 3453-3468 ◽  
Author(s):  
Royce A. Francis ◽  
Mitchell J. Small ◽  
Jeanne M. VanBriesen
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Multivariate Distributions ◽  
Chlorinated Drinking Water ◽  
By Products

scholarly journals Exposure estimates to disinfection by-products of chlorinated drinking water.

1999 ◽  
Vol 107 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
C P Weisel ◽  
H Kim ◽  
P Haltmeier ◽  
J B Klotz
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Chlorinated Drinking Water ◽  
By Products

Disinfection of Drinking Water Rich in Bromide with Chlorine and Chlorine Dioxide, While Minimizing the Formation of Undesirable By-Products

1985 ◽  
Vol 17 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 611-621 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ch. Rav-Acha ◽  
A. Serri ◽  
E. (Goldstein) Choshen ◽  
B. Limoni
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Chlorine Dioxide ◽  
Organic Materials ◽  
Organic Precursors ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
The Impact ◽  
By Products

Although chlorine dioxide does not form trihalomethanes (THM) and produces very few non-volatile haloorganic materials in drinking water, intensive investigations bearing on the formation of chlorite by ClO2 disinfection reveal that the rate of chlorite formation reflects the rate of ClO2 consumption and as long as the amount of ClO2 applied is behind its demand, about 60% of the chlorine dioxide consumed is converted into chlorite. Mixtures of Cl2 and ClO2, which may successfully reduce the formation of haloorganic compounds, as well as of chlorite in the absence of bromide, fail to do this where water rich in bromide is concerned. As a result of bromide oxidation by chlorine, bromine is formed, which in turn reacts more intensively with organics than does chlorine and thus favours the formation of THM and other halogenated organic materials. This problem can, however, be circumvented if ClO2 is allowed to react in water with the organic precursors before chlorine is introduced. A pre-treatment with 1 ppm of ClO2 two hours before the application of 2 ppm Cl2, was found to reduce the formation of THM by 60% relative to its formation by chlorine alone, and the chlorite is reduced in this case by up to 90% relative to its formation by chlorine dioxide alone. This is of particular importance since it can solve some of the major problems bearing on the impact of disinfection upon the formation of undesirable by-products.

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