The Federal Reserve's reaction function under Greenspan: An ordinal probit analysis

Monetary policy, in general, refers to those steps taken by the Central Bank to achieve such broader objectives of the economy as growth, employment, external balance and price stability through changes in the money supply, interest rates and credit policies. The money supply thus created by the Central Bank should be in response to the changes in key macroeconomic target variables such as GNP, balance of payments, inflation, internal debt and unemployment. Indeed, a properly estimated monetary policy reaction function can provide useful information regarding such matters as to whether the Central Bank, in fact, has been systematically accommodating to the changes in the target variables. The reaction function can also provide insight into the question as to what should be the relevant indicators of the monetary policy. In addition, as argued by Havrilesky (1967), it may also play a crucial role in the formulation of long-term monetary policy strategy. The other important consideration in the development of a monetary policy reaction function pertains to the endogeneity of the monetary policy. As pointed out by Goldfeld and Blinder (1972), if a policy variable responds to the lagged (or expected) target values, then considering such a policy variable as exogenous would not only introduce the problem of misspecification but will also produce serious biases in the parameters estimated from those models. In particular, if the monetary policy variable happens to be strongly influenced by target variables, then the standard result of the relative effectiveness of the monetary policy vis-a-vis fiscal policy can be questionable on the grounds of reverse causation problem.

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TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE OF “BIOSOLBI” DRUG

Vestnik of the Russian agricultural science ◽

10.30850/vrsn/2020/1/67-69 ◽

1970 ◽

pp. 67-69

Author(s):

E. K. Rakhmatullin ◽

O. D. Sklyarov

Keyword(s):

Drug Toxicity ◽

Probit Analysis ◽

Laboratory Animals ◽

Control Group ◽

Hazard Class ◽

Water Ingestion ◽

White Rats ◽

Poorly Soluble ◽

And Behavior ◽

Purebred Dogs

The article presents the results of a study of the "Bisolbi" drug toxicity (powder of light ash color, poorly soluble in water). When it is mixed with water it forms a suspension of particles that settle rapidly. Values of acute drug toxicity were determined on rats. We studied groups of six animals of the same sex, as well as similar control ones. The "Bisolbi" drug was injected to white rats intragastrically, males weighing 310 ... 320 g in doses of 2500 and 2740 mg / kg. Each dose was used in six animals; distilled water (3 ml) was used for the controls. The LD50 was calculated by the probit analysis method proposed by Litchfield and Wilcoxon modified by Z. Roth. When administered orally, an atraumatic metal probe was immersed in the stomach. Within 14 days monitored the overall health status and behavior of animals, the manifestation or absence of symptoms of intoxication; noted the features of feed and water ingestion, assessed the condition of the coat, physiological functions. Then groups of experimental rats were euthanized and pathomorphologically examined. We studied the effect of "Bisolbi" with repeated introduction and on not purebred dogs. Two groups of 3-4 years of age were completed with an average initial body weight of 13.63 ... 15.11 kg. Before use, the additive was thoroughly mixed with feed. The drug was injected during 31 days at a dose of 0.5 g / kg. Dogs of the control group (three) were fed wheat flour. After 15 and 31 days in laboratory animals in order to characterize the general condition in the blood, the amount of protein, urea, glucose, creatinine, cholesterol were determined. Based on studies it was found that the drug daily application by animals, is low toxic and safe, does not provoke the development of pathological reactions. According to the Hodge and Sterner classification "Bisolbi" can be attributed to the 6th class of toxicity - relatively harmless. Accordingto GOST 12.1.007-76 LD50 of the drug is more than 151 mg / kg, but less than 5000 mg / kg it is the 3rd hazard class (moderately hazardous).

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Effects of local isolates of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin on the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae (Koch) (Acari: Tetranychidae)

Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control ◽

10.1186/s41938-021-00409-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 31 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Cenk Yucel

Keyword(s):

Tetranychus Urticae ◽

Beauveria Bassiana ◽

Spider Mite ◽

Lethal Effect ◽

Probit Analysis ◽

Plant Feeding ◽

Wide Range ◽

Two Spotted Spider Mite ◽

Short Time ◽

Tetranychus Urticae Koch

Abstract Background The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae (Koch) (Acari: Tetranychidae), is a widely distributed plant-feeding pest that causes significant yield losses in a wide range of crops. Newly developed or improved environmentally friendly biocontrol agents serve as an alternative to traditional pest control tools. Experiment of the effects of 2 local fungal isolates of Beauveria bassiana (BGF14 and BCA32) was carried out against T. urticae under laboratory conditions. Results Both tested isolates had lethal effect in a short time after application, and this effect increased as time progressed. BGF14 and BCA32 isolates caused T. urticae mortality rates ranging from 25.88 to 61.92 and 32.36 to 62.03% when applied at the concentrations between 1×105 and 1×108 conidia/ml, respectively. According to the Probit analysis performed on the effect of fungi on T. urticae adults, the LC50 values of BGF14 and BCA32 isolates on the 7th day after inoculation were 2.6×106 and 6.3×104 conidia/ml, respectively, and the LT50 values for both fungi applied at a concentration of 108 conidia/ml were 2.14 and 2.23 days, respectively. Conclusions The 2 isolates of B. bassiana (BGF14 and BCA32) had the potentials to suppress T. urticae population and can be recommended as promising biocontrol agent candidates for control of T. urticae.

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Subgame perfect reaction function equilibria in discounted duopoly supergames are trivial

Journal of Economic Theory ◽

10.1016/0022-0531(86)90026-8 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 39 (1) ◽

pp. 226-232 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

William G Stanford

Keyword(s):

Reaction Function

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Field Study on Nationality Differences in Adaptive Thermal Comfort of University Students in Dormitories during Summer in Japan

Atmosphere ◽

10.3390/atmos12050566 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (5) ◽

pp. 566

Author(s):

Vanya Y. Draganova ◽

Hiroki Yokose ◽

Kazuyo Tsuzuki ◽

Yuki Nabeshima

Keyword(s):

University Students ◽

Field Study ◽

Thermal Sensation ◽

Thermal Sensitivity ◽

Multiple Regression Model ◽

Probit Analysis ◽

Temperature Threshold ◽

Japanese Students ◽

Adaptive Thermal Comfort ◽

Tokai Region

A summer field study was conducted in two university dormitories in the Tokai region of Central Japan. The study aimed at understanding the correlation between subjective thermal responses as well as whether nationality was affecting the responses. It was observed that nationality significantly affected thermal sensitivity and preference. The occupants’ acceptance for thermal stress was invariably above 90%. Despite the high levels of humidity observed, the multiple regression model showed that only the indoor air temperature was significant for explaining the variability of thermal sensation for both Japanese and non-Japanese students. The highest probability of voting neutral for university students in dormitory buildings in the Tokai region of Japan was estimated within 24~26.5 °C (by probit analysis). Japanese students were more sensitive to their indoor environment as opposed to the international students. The adjusted linear regression coefficient yielded from the room-wise day-wise averages were 0.48/K and 0.35/K for Japanese sensitivity and international sensitivity, respectively. In our study, the Griffiths’ model of estimating comfort temperature (or thermal neutrality) showed weak predictability and notable differences from the actually voted comfort. The neutral and comfort temperature observed and estimated in the study remained invariably below the recommended temperature threshold for Japan in summer leading to believe that that threshold is worth reevaluating.

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Chemical constituents and insecticidal activity of the essential oil from fruits of foeniculum vulgare miller on larvae of khapra beetle (trogoderma granarium everts)

Herba Polonica ◽

10.2478/hepo-2013-0026 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 59 (4) ◽

pp. 86-96 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Iyad Ghanem ◽

Adnan Audeh ◽

Amer Abu Alnaser ◽

Ghaleb Tayoub

Keyword(s):

Gas Chromatography ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Chemical Constituents ◽

Exposure Period ◽

Probit Analysis ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Fumigant Toxicity ◽

Foeniculum Vulgare ◽

Trogoderma Granarium ◽

Foeniculum Vulgare Miller

Abstract The objective of current study was to determine the chemical constituents and fumigant toxicity of essential oil isolated by hydro-distillation from dry fruit of bitter fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Miller). The chemical composition of the essential oil was assessed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Constituents of the oil were determined as α-pinene (1.6%) and limonene (3.3%), fenchone (27.3%), estragol (3.9%), and (E)-anethole (61.1%). The fumigant toxicity of the essential oil was tested on larvae of the stored product insect Trogoderma granarium Everts. The mortality of larvae was tested at different concentrations ranging from 31.2 to 531.2 μl/l air and at different exposure times (24 and 48 h). Probit analysis showed that LC50 and LC90 following a 48 h-exposure period for essential oil were 38.4 and 84.6 μl/l, respectively. These results showed that the essential oil from F. vulgare may be applicable to the management of populations of stored-product insects.

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