REGENERATION OF APPLE VARIETIES IN VITRO CULTURE

The process of clonal micropropagation is influenced by the genotypic characteristics of plants, the composition of nutrient media and the hormonal background at various stages of cultivation. The purpose of the research was to study the regenerative capacity of apple explants of promising varieties. The objects were colon-shaped, immune and scab-resistant apple varieties. The study was carried out in the laboratory of biotechnology of VNIISPK using generally accepted methods. The largest number of viable explants was obtained during the active growth phase, averaging from 72.1 to 88.5%. Maximum contamination was observed in explants introduced in April, regardless of the sterilizing agents. The highest infection rate was in the varieties Orlovskoe рolesie (up to 56.7%), Bolotovskoe (up to 51.4%), Poeziya (up to 43.3%). In the explants introduced in June, the infection was insignificant. Thus, the Imrus and Poeziya varieties showed a small degree of infection after using 0.1% mertiolate solution (1.2% and 2.4%), and the garland and Priokskoe varieties had a 100% yield of pure apexes. Among immune varieties, the highest necrosis was evident in the variety of Imrus (42,1%) and the smallest in the variety Kandil оrlovsky (5,1%) have the largest column-the variety Priokskoe (65.6 per cent) and Vostorg (65,6%). In most of the studied varieties, the greatest necrosis was observed after using 0.1% mertiolate solution. The study was carried out on the background medium QL and Fardzinova recommended for pears. Concentration of BAP 1.0 and 2.0 mg/l. Among the immune varieties, the content of BAP 2.0 mg / l in the QL medium caused the greatest proliferative activity in the varieties Kandil оrlovsky (3.4), Bolotovskoe (4.5) and Orlovskoe рolesie (2.9). Varieties of Imrus and a Veteran of the highest rate of multiplication were obtained in Fardzinova on medium containing BAP in both concentrations. In all varieties, the concentration of BAP 1.0 mg/l contributed to the formation of shoots more than 1 cm, i.e. suitable for rooting.

COMMODITY AND CONSUMER QUALITIES OF FRUITS OF DIPLOID AND TRIPLOID APPLE VARIETIES

Russian Research Institute for Fruit Crop Breeding (VNIISPK) is the main supplier of new valuable apple cultivars to update the assortment. For the last 30 years more than 50 apple cultivars meeting the requirements of modern gardening have been developed at VNIISPK and included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements. The time of single breeders is a thing of the past, and in connection with the ever-increasing requirements for varieties, researchers of different specialties should work at their creation. A well-coordinated interdisciplinary team of researchers and technicians work in VNIISPK at the development of new apple varieties. In addition to breeders, researchers in physiology, biochemistry, processing of fruits, cytoembryology, genetics and agronomic practice are involved in the work. Along with other areas of selection, apple breeding with polyploidy using was started at the Institute in 1970. To date, 19 triploid apple varieties have been created for the first time in the world at our Institute from intervalent crosses of diploid x tetraploid type. 11 of them are included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements Admitted for Use (zoned). It has experimentally been confirmed that triploid apple cultivars differ from diploids in higher weight of fruit and their marketability and are not inferior to diploids in the attractiveness of the appearance and taste of the fruit. Apple breeding for immunity to the most harmful scab was started at our institute in 1977, to date, 25 scab immune apple cultivars have been developed and zoned, 9 of them are triploids. The first domestic scab immune Imrus was zoned in Central Russia in 1996. We have shown that diploid and triploid varieties immune to scab are not inferior to non-immune varieties by fruit weight. The first in Russia and world 9 triploid resistant to scab apple varieties are Vavilovskoe, Zhilinskoe, Mars, Prazdnichnoe, Spasskoe, Trener Petrov including have been zoned Aleksandr Boyko, Yablochnyy Spas, Maslovskoe in our opinion should significantly enrich the range of varieties of Russia midland apple. The paper gives a comparative assessment of commodity and consumer qualities of new diploid and triploid fruit varieties of apple selection of All-Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crops Breeding.

ALMAZ IS VARIETY OF SAFFLOWER

Creation of a new safflower variety is due to the need an unpretentious oilseed crop introduction into the agriculture of the Southern region in connection with climate aridization. Weather conditions are becoming more arid every year in the Rostov region. Meteorological data was recording during the years of research which confirm this trend. Soil condition is becoming worse on the background of a moisture deficit, this leads to a decrease in the productivity of main crops cultivated in the region and crop losses. Biology of safflower is completely corresponds to arid conditions of steppe areas. Safflower is widely used in many industries as an oilseed, dyeing, and forage crop. The safflower oil is practically indistinguishable from sunflower; its taste is softer and indifferent. This crops cultivation is allowing farmers to profit without special methods of farming using. In recent years, the cultivation areas of safflower in Russia have increased tens of times is indicated the need to conduct selection work and educate agricultural producers about the possibilities and properties of this almost forgotten agricultural crop. A variety of safflower Almaz was created by the breeders of the "L.A. Zhdanova Don Experimental Station VNIIMK" by the method of six-fold induction of an elite plant, isolated from the collection. A new early-ripening variety is characterizing the alignment of plants, amicable maturation and short stature, the absence of spines on the leaves and resistance to conditions of insufficient moisture. The potential yield of seeds is 2,0-2,5 t/ha in the Rostov region conditions. The flowers of the variety have an orange color of the corolla. Variety Almaz is listed in the Russian Federation State Register of Selection Achievements and is allowed to be used on all regions of culture cultivation from 2017.

PRODUCTIVITY OF CAULIFLOWER VARIETIES AND HYBRIDS DEPENDING ON DATE OF SOWING AND PLANTING

Research of new varieties and hybrids of cauliflower in the summer-autumn culture of cultivation in 2015-2017 was carried out. Highambient temperature of 26.2 ° C and low humidity of 59% was sustaining from the first decade of June 2015. The maximum values of thedaily mean temperatures were higher than the average long-term indicators by 8.8-9.1 °C. The 2016summer was also hot with the airhumidity of 64%. The amount of precipitation for three months (June-August) was 113.1 mm. Maximum of air temperature in thesummer month reached 35.6 ° C.The beginning of the vegetation period of 2017 was characterized by an elevated temperature with lowhumidity. During the summer months there was occasional precipitation. September-November: no precipitation, positive temperatureswere remaining, the plants continued vegetation during irrigation on furrows. The formation of the heads of the cauliflower continueduntil January 22, 2018. It was established that the varietal reaction according to the upward dynamics of the assimilation apparatusduring growth and development for three years is unequal. Based on the analysis results of the broccoli varieties and hybrids acomparison was drawn between the productivity, early maturity, the maturity of the heads, the quality, the length of vegetation of plantsand control group. It is noted that the head should be removed in due time to prevent its growth to gigantic proportions. At the same timeall biochemical substances that are beneficial to the human body are preserved. The tissue near head does not coarsen, and it can beused both fresh and processed. Samples set used for research contained new hybrids with better productivity and quality.

THE USE OF AERODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF SEEDS TO OPERATE A UNIVERSAL SYSTEM OF SEEDING PNEUMATIC UNIT VACUUM ACTION

The device of the pneumatic sowing device of vacuum action which differs in simplicity of a design, the lowered material consumption, low level of mechanical damage of a sowing material (minimum values of percent of crushing of seeds), possibility of simultaneous sowing of seeds of two different cultures in one row (it is important for fodder crops) is developed. Structurally, the following basic changes have been made in the pneumatic sowing device:1. The scattering part of the pipe (with experimentally selected parameters, length 100 ... 120 mm and a sieving angle 80 ... 90°) allows the main zone to intercept the flow of seeds from the hopper, without passing them to the lower part of the sowing disc – in the accumulation zone; 2. The air flow from the nozzle supports the seeds (through the use of their useful aerodynamic qualities) in a suspended state near the holes of the sowing disc, which contributes to the reliable suction of the seeds to the holes of the disc. At the same time, the nozzles prevent the penetration of seeds into the accumulation zone, which allows to improve the quality of the sowing apparatus. The exclusion of the tedder from the structural part of the sowing device reduces the percentage of mechanical damage to the seeds (which affects the yield), as well as the material capacity of the structure itself.

PRODUCTION OF BLENDED JUICE FROM PUMPKIN, QUINCE, PERSIMMON

Production of plant products, including juices around the world increases continuously. In the fruit and vegetable juices contain a significant amount of monosaccharides (glucose and fructose), organic acids, vitamins, phenolic compounds, mineral substances and other biologically active components that determine the nutritional and dietary value. For the prevention of various diseases associated with impaired metabolic processes, we developed a new technology of preparation of food by blending juice of pumpkin, quince and persimmon. Thus prepared organic blended juice contains a substantial amount of free glucose and fructose, different phenolic compounds, a sufficient amount of organic acids, mineral elements, including iodine and other components that determine its nutritional and biological value. In prepared juices were evaluated the quantitative indicators of β-carotene, vitamin C, glucose and fructose, sucrose, starch, pectin substances. Also in the atomic absorbtion spectrometer Analyst 400 (PerkinElmer, USA) was analyzed content of the organic acids and phenolic compounds. Prepared juices were tested in accordance with 10 point scoring scale. It is established that all juices contain a sufficient amount of the minerals. In pumpkin and quince juices not contain iodine while it presents in sufficient amount in persimmon juice that’s why in the blended juice mineral in addition to mineral elements iodine are contained. In pumpkin and persimmon aliphatic acids are contained in small amount. For this reason during the blending process was used quince juice which is rich in aliphatic acids. The blended juice is light straw color, with delicious flavor, a slight astringent property and a balanced taste.

EVALUATION OF THE COMMON HOP VARIETY SAMPLES ACCORDING TO THE PHENOLOGICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES

The results of study of the 12 year cycle of studies on the only in Russia collection of hops ordinary (Humulus lupulus L.), which contains 250 samples from different regions of Russia and 17 foreign countries. The number of process varieties, composition and origin, it is unique and corresponds to world level. A collection of accessions of hops is a population of female plants with a set of phenological, morphological and economic importance of signs. In the article, the estimation of the collectible varieties of hops at different ripeness groups according to phenological and morphological characteristics according to the method of test for distinctness, uniformity and stability. As the result of the research the Common Hop (Humuluslupulus) sorts were classified in accordance with their maturity time as early maturity (less than 100 days) – 10%, middle-early (101…110 days) – 14, middle duration (111…120 days) – 40, middle-late (121…130 days) – 10% and slow-maturing (more than 130 days) – 26%. Each group has a phenotypic and morphologies features. The early maturity, middle-early and middle duration varieties with vegetative season approximately 120 days are more adaptive to the conditions of the Chuvashia and central part of the Russia and provide obtaining high yield of the hop cones.

EVALUATION OF HYBRID SPRING WHEAT POPULATIONS

This article presents the results of a study of hybrid spring wheat populations. Revealed different patterns of inheritance of important traits in F1 hybrids, which is caused by hereditary features of the original forms and circumstances. Analysis of hybrid populations showed that the dominant role in the formation of 1000 grains mass belongs to productivity and weight of grain with an ear, correlation coefficient r = 0.90 and amounted to r = 0.73, respectively. Found that the hybrid population in F4-5, created on the basis of grades Moscow 35, Esther, Agatha, Rome, Saratovskaya 29 (Russia), Ostinka (Ukraine) are a valuable material for selection of highly productive genotypes for future use breeding process.

FEATURES OF THE OIL-BEARING-CROP (CHARTHAMUS) CULTIVATION UNDER THE CONTRASTIVE EDAPHIC-CLIMATIC CONDITIONS

The results of long-term studies of the biological, morphological and phenological features of the introduced new culture of safflower in the Central, Volga and North Caucasus regions are presented. Optimum parameters of depth of seeding (5-6 cm), seeding rates (300-350 thousand pieces/hectare or 12-14 kg), ensuring high productivity, oil content and quality of seeds are established. For the first time, the relationship between moisture availability of vegetation periods with accumulation of oil content and a change in the fatty acid composition was established. Oilseed (in untreated seeds) in the regions was from 14,5 to 31,2%, in excessively wet 2013 – 6,4% in the Moscow region and 8,6% in the Saratov region. Fatty acid composition revealed a high content of oleic acid in Krasa Stupinskaya variety – 13,6-16,8%, linoleic acid – 68,5-75,7%. The yield of oil in the Moscow region was 240 kg/ha. The yield of Krasa Stupinskaya in the Moscow Region was 0,6 t/ha, the Rostov Region 0,8 t/ha and Saratov Region 1,2 t/ha, with an average weight of 1000 seeds, respectively, by regions: 40,0 g, 47,3 g and 40,9 g. The growing season for growing seeds was 105 days in the Moscow Region, 94 days in the Rostov Region and 95 days in the Saratov Region. It has been established that excessive moistening during the flowering and seed filling period increases the harmfulness of enzyme-mycosis seed depletion (EMIS) – biological injury during maturation (enzymatic stage), followed by the seeding of the seeds with the phytopathogen Alternaria carthami Chowdhury. In the breeding programs for productivity and oil content, it is recommended to use the varieties Moldir (Kazakhstan) and Krasa Stupinskaya (FGBNU VSTISP), the fatty acid composition of which is characterized by an increased content of oleic and linoleic acid, which is of particular value for storage and use for food purposes.

INFLUENCE OF THE DIFFERENT SOIL PREPARATION METHODS ON THE PEA YIELD

The article assesses the relationships between the morphological properties of agrochernozems and yield of peas on the plots, experience with different methods of basic treatment (moldboard plowing at the depth of 20 - 22, 25 - 27 and 14 - 16 cm, moldboard plowing to a depth of 14 - 16 cm, combined midwater moldboard, mid-water subsurface, surface to a depth of 6 - 8 cm and zero tillage) is inherent in V.V. Dokuchaev Research Institute of Agriculture of the Central Black Earth strip, in the fall of 2014. The research was conducted in 2015 - 2016, with the application of mineral fertilizers (N60Р60К60) and unfertilized background. The highest pea yields in the fertilized as the background, and without the use of fertilizers was observed in dumping plowing and especially in the variant with deep moldboard plowing, which creates in comparison with other ways of handling the best conditions for the growth and development of peas. The lowest yield of pea was obtained with zero processing. Apparently legalistic migrational-mizelial agrochernozems the Central Chernozem zone of minimum tillage in the cultivation of peas are not effective, what is evident already in the first year after the laying of experience with different basic treatments. As shown by the results of applying multifactor analysis of variance studied the mapping properties of the soil can have the same significant impact on the yield of agricultural crops, as options for the field experiments aimed at assessing the impact of various treatments on yield.