PURPOSE: A randomized phase III clinical trial of adjuvant active specific immunotherapy (ASI) with an autologous tumor cell–bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine was conducted to determine whether surgical resection plus ASI was more beneficial than resection alone in stage II and III colon cancer patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients (n = 412) with colon cancer (297 with stage II disease, 115 with stage III disease) were randomly allocated to an observation arm or to a treatment arm in which they received three weekly intradermal vaccine injections of 107 irradiated autologous tumor cells beginning approximately 4 weeks after surgery. The first two weekly injections also contained 107 BCG organisms. Patients were observed for determination of time to recurrence and disease-free and overall survival. RESULTS: This was a negative study in that after a 7.6-year median follow-up period, there were no statistically significant differences in clinical outcomes between the treatment arms. However, there were disease-free survival (P = .078) and overall survival (P = .12) trends in favor of ASI when treatment compliance was evaluated, ie, patients who received the intended treatment had a delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity (DCH) response to the third vaccination (induration ≥5 mm). Also, the magnitude of the DCH response correlated with improved prognosis. The 5-year survival proportion was 84.6% for those with indurations greater than 10 mm, compared with 45.0% for those with indurations less than 5 mm. CONCLUSIONS: When all randomized patients were evaluated, no significant clinical benefit was seen with ASI in surgically resected colon cancer patients with stage II or III colon cancer. However, there was an indication that treatment compliance with effective immunization results in disease-free and overall survival benefits.
Active Specific Immunotherapy with Autologous Tumor cell vaccines for Stage II Colon Cancer: Logistics, Efficacy, Safety and Immunological Pharmacodynamics