On the logic and role of Negative Introspection of Common Belief

1998 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giacomo Bonanno ◽  
Klaus Nehring
Keyword(s):  
Common Belief ◽  
Negative Introspection

Trick or Treat: Does a Microfinance Loan Induce or Reduce the Chances of Spousal Violence against Women? Answers from India

2020 ◽  
pp. 088626052095768
Author(s):  
Debashree Sinha ◽  
Pradeep Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Violence Against Women ◽  
Policy Design ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Family Health ◽  
P Value ◽  
Spousal Violence ◽  
Common Belief ◽  
Program Participation ◽  
The Individual

It is a common belief that microfinance plays a dual role of poverty alleviation and socioeconomic upliftment of its women participants. However, there are enough researches that negates the positive impact of microfinance loans on spousal violence. Recognized as one of the most predominant social evils, violence against women is not only a violation of their human rights but also an act of exploitation and denial of freedom. In the present study, we have tried to investigate if microfinance loan takers experience more spousal violence as compared to their counterparts by analyzing the National Family Health Survey IV, 2015–16. Our results indicate that 40.8% of women microfinance participants experience spousal violence. Additionally, the likelihood of microfinance participants to experience spousal violence is much higher than the non-microfinance participants (odds ratio = 1.35, p value = .000). Microfinance programs are designed to increase the individual agencies of women participants, which, in turn, reduce the chances of them becoming victims of spousal violence. However, if the credit program participation induces the woman to be a victim of spousal violence together with becoming financially autonomous, then such hidden costs need to be taken into account while evaluating the effectiveness of the gendered policy design.

Ismaili Onto-Cosmological Doctrines in the Manuscript Tradition of the Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʾ

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 37-62
Author(s):  
Carmela Baffioni
Keyword(s):  
Common Belief ◽  
Manuscript Tradition

Abstract This paper discusses Ismaili tendencies in some additions to the MSS of the Rasāʾil Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʾ consulted for the new edition of the encyclopaedia launched by the Institute of Ismaili Studies. Onto-cosmology is addressed in particular. The texts are in part copied from the Risāla al-Jāmiʿa and the Risāla Jāmiʿat al-Jāmiʿa. Sometimes they show similarities with Balīnūs, the Arabic pseudo-Apollonius of Tyana whom recent studies consider to play an important role in Ismaili thought. Though based on emanatism, onto-cosmology shares the religious terminology referred to hypostases; it introduces the concept of ibdāʿ besides that of emanation, the cosmic role of Imperative and the conception of God “beyond everything”; and it re-examines the Neoplatonic hypostases in the light of the Scriptural tale of Adam. Even if the additions were later interpolations, they demonstrate that the Ikhwān’s leaning towards Ismailism was a common belief at least in a certain manuscript tradition.

Philosophy, Science and Myth in Marxism

1982 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 71-95
Author(s):  
John N. Gray
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Historical Materialism ◽  
Common Belief ◽  
Single Individual ◽  
Historical Inquiry ◽  
Human Essence ◽  
Conception Of Man ◽  
Scientific Status ◽  
Metaphysical Humanism

‘Feuerbach resolves the religious essence into the human essence. But the human essence is no abstraction inherent in each single individual. In its reality it is the ensemble of social relations.’It is a common belief, shared both by Marxists and by critics of Marxism, that differences in the interpretation of this statement have important implications for the assessment of Marx's system of ideas. How we read it will affect our view of the unity of Marx's thought and of the continuity of its development over his lifetime, and it will bear crucially on our appraisal of the epistemological status—metaphysical, scientific or mythopoeic—of the various elements of the Marxian system. Among Marxists, members of the Frankfurt School have emphasized the paternity of Marxian metaphysical humanism in Hegel's conception of man as a self-creating being, while Althusser and his disciples have seen in the extrusion from Marx's later work of any such ‘anthropomorphic’ notion a guarantee of the scientific character of his historical materialism. Among Marx's liberal critics, it is widely agreed that he espoused an essentialist view of man and, often enough, it is thought that this alone is sufficient to disqualify his system from scientific status. No consensus exists, however, as to the cognitive standing of the several components of Marx's thought. That agreement should be lacking as to the place in it of a conception of human nature is hardly surprising. Different construals of the role of a view of man will reflect divergent commitments, not only in the philosophy and methodology of social and historical inquiry, but in moral and political thought as well.

Leadership Accountability in Islam: Islamic Standards for Holding the Executive Accountable for Official Misconduct

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 166-211
Author(s):  
Mohamed Abdelaal
Keyword(s):  
Legal Status ◽  
Common Belief ◽  
Political Accountability ◽  
Leadership Accountability ◽  
Islamic Jurisprudence

This paper seeks to refute a common belief that the ruler in Islam is unchecked and that he serves for life regardless of any official misconduct he may commit by providing a religious basis for the concept of political accountability through the investigation of the concept of presidential impeachment in Islam. In doing so, the article first sheds significant light on the Caliphate system of governance, the rights and duties of the Caliph, his legal status, and the inauguration process. Further, the article introduces the conflicting views regarding the issue of removing the ruler in the context of Islamic jurisprudence, examines the role of the Islamic scholars in redressing the ruler and correcting the official misconduct, and sheds light on the Islamic alternatives of impeachment and the extent to which they differ from what is known in modern constitutional doctrines.

scholarly journals Le rôle des corvées dans le système des redevances acquittées par les habitants des villages de ius Valachicum en Petite-Pologne et en Ruthénie de la Couronne aux XVe et XVIe siècles

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 249-267
Author(s):  
Grzegorz Jawor
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Source Material ◽  
Mountainous Area ◽  
Common Belief ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Widespread Implementation ◽  
The Common ◽  
Set Up

The Role of Serfdoms in the Obligation System of the Inhabitants of Villages on the Wallachian Law in Lesser Poland (Małopolska) and Crown Ruthenia (15th-16th century). The aim of the article is an attempt to define a role of serfdoms in the system of obligations provided by the population living in the settlements established on the Wallachian law. On the basis of a critical analysis of a relatively numerous sources preserved from the region in question (in particular, the documents associated with the rights given to individual villages, inventories, and royal domain), an attempt was made to verify the common belief in the scholarship on this topic about the lack of, or at least the minimum, share of the serfdoms for the owners in the obligation system of the inhabitants. As a result, a specific feature of the Wallachian law was indicated, which was the obligation – elsewhere unknown or occurring only in minute traces – of performing small errands a few times in a year for the benefit of the dukes (kniaź). It was recorded throughout the entire studied period and in all of the areas partaking in the Wallachian colonisation. In contrast, there are many more doubts regarding the conviction about a complete lack of serfdoms for the owners of villages. The presented source material indicates that there were indeed settlements to which this duty did not apply (and perhaps this situation was even dominating), but in other places the older and usually less strenuous forms of labours were present (annual works, duties “under the order”, ect.), while the attempts to impose weekly serfdoms date back to the 1530s and 1540s. Its widespread implementation in the areas outside of mountains is strictly linked to the development of a grange, set up for the production of grain. For the Wallachian settlements this meant a limitation, and then a thorough disposal of their privileged legal status. It is not a matter of coincidence that this colonising tendency was clearly restrained at the turn of the 16th and 17th century. This fate was avoided only be the villages situated in a typically mountainous area where the natural conditions prevented the production of crops on a large scale. Populations living therein – that were ruled by the Wallachian law – lasted longer and the processes of assimilation and integration with the local surroundings took place more slowly.

Historical Optimism and Heuristic Potential of the Political Economy of Socialism

2003 ◽  
pp. 103-109
Author(s):  
V. Novikov
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Industrial Society ◽  
The Political ◽  
Common Belief ◽  
Post Industrial ◽  
Better Than

Historical optimism is a rather common belief in economics. It is often thought that a newly established theory (or society) is better than the previously prevailing one. The author doesn't share this view and finds it useful to discuss the role of the political economy of socialism in contemporary economics which was begun with the publication of the paper by A. Buzgalin in 2003, No 3. But the analysis of A. Buzgalin's arguments doesn't support his conclusion on possible usefulness of the political economy of socialism in the studies of post-industrial society.

Philosophy, Science and Myth in Marxism

1982 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 71-95
Author(s):  
John N. Gray
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Historical Materialism ◽  
Common Belief ◽  
Single Individual ◽  
Historical Inquiry ◽  
Human Essence ◽  
Conception Of Man ◽  
Scientific Status ◽  
Metaphysical Humanism

‘Feuerbach resolves the religious essence into the human essence. But the human essence is no abstraction inherent in each single individual. In its reality it is the ensemble of social relations.’It is a common belief, shared both by Marxists and by critics of Marxism, that differences in the interpretation of this statement have important implications for the assessment of Marx's system of ideas. How we read it will affect our view of the unity of Marx's thought and of the continuity of its development over his lifetime, and it will bear crucially on our appraisal of the epistemological status—metaphysical, scientific or mythopoeic—of the various elements of the Marxian system. Among Marxists, members of the Frankfurt School have emphasized the paternity of Marxian metaphysical humanism in Hegel's conception of man as a self-creating being, while Althusser and his disciples have seen in the extrusion from Marx's later work of any such ‘anthropomorphic’ notion a guarantee of the scientific character of his historical materialism. Among Marx's liberal critics, it is widely agreed that he espoused an essentialist view of man and, often enough, it is thought that this alone is sufficient to disqualify his system from scientific status. No consensus exists, however, as to the cognitive standing of the several components of Marx's thought. That agreement should be lacking as to the place in it of a conception of human nature is hardly surprising. Different construals of the role of a view of man will reflect divergent commitments, not only in the philosophy and methodology of social and historical inquiry, but in moral and political thought as well.

Common Belief and the Cultural Curriculum: An Intergenerational Study of Historical Consciousness

2007 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sam Wineburg ◽  
Susan Mosborg ◽  
Dan Porat ◽  
Ariel Duncan
Keyword(s):  
Vietnam War ◽  
Historical Memory ◽  
Historical Consciousness ◽  
Common Belief ◽  
Historical Knowledge ◽  
School Communities ◽  
Defining Moments ◽  
Intergenerational Study ◽  
Parents And Children

How is historical knowledge transmitted across generations? What is the role of schooling in that transmission? The authors address these questions by reporting on a thirty-month longitudinal study into how home, school, and larger society served as contexts for the development of historical consciousness among adolescents. Fifteen families drawn from three different school communities participated. By adopting an intergenerational approach, the authors sought to understand how the defining moments of one generation—its “lived history”—becomes the “available history” to the next. In this article, the authors focus on what parents and children shared about one of the most formative historical events in parents’ lives: the Vietnam War. Drawing on notions of collective memory, as articulated by the French sociologist Maurice Halbwachs, the authors sought to understand which stories, archived in historical memory and available to the disciplinary community, are remembered and used by those beyond its borders. In contrast, which stories are no longer widely shared, eclipsed by time’s passage and unable to cross the bridge separating generation from generation? The authors conclude by discussing the forces that act to historicize today’s youth and suggest how educators might marshal these forces—rather than spurning or simply ignoring them—to advance young people’s historical understanding.

Day Care of Mentally Handicapped People: Why is it an Issue?

1986 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 126-129
Author(s):  
Ashutosh Pandit
Keyword(s):  
Social Organization ◽  
Day Care ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Common Belief ◽  
Ordinary People ◽  
Handicapped Person ◽  
Mentally Handicapped ◽  
Early Adult Life ◽  
Handicapped People

Day care of mentally handicapped people fulfils the need of both the person and the community. The transmission of culture which occurs through nurturing, education and social integration in the case of ordinary people is also necessary in the case of a mentally handicapped person. This alone can eventually lead the mentally handicapped person to prepare himself for the role of an adult in the community. Day care plays an important part in facilitating this transmission because, contrary to common belief, mentally handicapped people can learn better during their early adult life. Yet factors within the community itself make this provision less effective. The aim of this article is to review day care in the context of its need and place in social organization and the problems in the community at present.

On the Role of Nonlinearities in Vibratory Energy Harvesting: A Critical Review and Discussion

2014 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed F. Daqaq ◽  
Ravindra Masana ◽  
Alper Erturk ◽  
D. Dane Quinn
Keyword(s):  
Energy Harvesting ◽  
Common Belief ◽  
Research Activity ◽  
Power Sources ◽  
Energy Harvesters ◽  
Potential Shape ◽  
State Frequency ◽  
Vibratory Energy Harvesting ◽  
Continuous Power

The last two decades have witnessed several advances in microfabrication technologies and electronics, leading to the development of small, low-power devices for wireless sensing, data transmission, actuation, and medical implants. Unfortunately, the actual implementation of such devices in their respective environment has been hindered by the lack of scalable energy sources that are necessary to power and maintain them. Batteries, which remain the most commonly used power sources, have not kept pace with the demands of these devices, especially in terms of energy density. In light of this challenge, the concept of vibratory energy harvesting has flourished in recent years as a possible alternative to provide a continuous power supply. While linear vibratory energy harvesters have received the majority of the literature's attention, a significant body of the current research activity is focused on the concept of purposeful inclusion of nonlinearities for broadband transduction. When compared to their linear resonant counterparts, nonlinear energy harvesters have a wider steady-state frequency bandwidth, leading to a common belief that they can be utilized to improve performance in ambient environments. Through a review of the open literature, this paper highlights the role of nonlinearities in the transduction of energy harvesters under different types of excitations and investigates the conditions, in terms of excitation nature and potential shape, under which such nonlinearities can be beneficial for energy harvesting.

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