Interdisciplinary approach to language

The article deals with the phenomenon of interdisciplinarity regarded as one of the main methodological principles of modern linguistics. Under discussion are the problems of the anthropocentric paradigm which at present takes a dominant place among other scientific paradigms. The relationships between interdisciplinarity and other methodological principles such as anthropocentrism, functionalism and explanatorism have been analyzed. The levels of interdisciplinarity as polydisciplinarity and transdisciplinarity have been highlighted. The assumption that some notions, such as discourse, concept, linguocultureme, foregrounding are interdisciplinary by nature, and can not be discussed within the framework of one discipline, is put forward. From the position of interdisciplinarity the scientific status of such disciplines as stylistics and cognitive linguistics has been discussed. One of the conclusions is that the interdisciplinary synthesis of Stylistics is determined by its internal links with all the language aspects (phonological stylistics, stylistic grammar, lexical stylistics, stylistic phraseology, stylistics of word-formation), and external correlations of Stylistics with the disciplines of the anthropocentric paradigm. As for the interdisciplinary status of Cognitive Linguistics, it is characterized by two tendencies: 1) correlations with both humanitarian sciences (Philosophy of language, Sociolinguistics, Linguoculturology), natural sciences (Psycholinguistics, Neurolinguistics), exact and technical sciences (Mathematical Linguistics, Computer Linguistics); 2) interpenetration of many notions and methods of analysis of Cognitive Linguistics and other sciences. The main conclusions of the research are the assumptions about: a) interdisciplinarity as a basic methodological principle of modern linguistics; b) a variety of forms, types and levels of interdisciplinarity; c) the interdisciplinary status of all the anthropocentric trends of modern linguistics; d) the peculiar features of interdisciplinarity in Stylistics and Cognitive Linguistics; e) the necessity of an interdisciplinary approach to the analysis of many notions of modern linguistics.

Abu Hafs Al-Nasafi (d. 537 AH / 1142 CE) (Historical Study)

The research dealt with the biography of the jurist and historian Abu Hafs al-Nasafi, who was known thanks to him, his knowledge and his asceticism, and the abundance of his works in various types of sciences, literature and arts, which amounted to more than one hundred works. As this Hanafi jurist is the owner of the first system in jurisprudence, and his work (al-Qand in the mention of the scholars of Samarkand) is among the most important printed sources that have been translated for the flags of the city of Samarkand and those who came to it and everyone who contacted its sheikhs or held an administrative position in it then showed their intellectual activity in that period, and he was a favored owner Great in highlighting the great role of the scholars of the city and those who came to it, their civilizational contributions and their effects on the city and the regions of the country beyond the river during the era of the Islamic caliphate. The subject of his translation explained the prosperity of Arab civilization and its cultural activity in the Islamic world from the ancient until the sixth century AH, so it was the high scientific status enjoyed by Abu Hafs Al-Nasafi as a jurist and historian, and Adeeb, motivated us to choose this topic.

Patronage, Medicine, and Piety in Ayyubid Damascus

This is the first of a two-part article that aims at discussing the creation of medical madrasas for Muslims in 7th/13th-century Damascus. This part briefly examines the relationship between medical practitioners and rulers, especially in the Ayyubid period, and studies a number of works written by religious scholars and physicians —often addressed to their patrons—, in which they tackled problems affecting the practice of medicine and its scientific status. I particularly focus on the polemics against pietistic groups who adhered to the doctrine of tawakkul (reliance on God), the emergence of the genre of “prophetic medicine”, and the denunciation of those physicians who impugned the universality of medical principles. This article will provide a wide contextualisation for the discussion of the phenomena that lead to the creation of medical madrasas, which will be analysed in detail in the second part.

‘Impossible to provide an accurate estimate’: the interested calculation of the Ottoman public debt, 1875–1881

When the Ottoman Empire defaulted on its public debt in 1875, British bondholders launched a campaign to win government intervention on their behalf. This article interprets the unprecedented success of this campaign as a matter of knowledge production. Mobilizing the newly established Corporation of Foreign Bondholders as a kind of ‘centre of calculation’, bondholders argued that they deserved assistance because of the unique size of the Ottoman default and the proportion of it that was held by British subjects. Yet neither of these numbers was easily calculated. In fact, influential bondholders worked closely with accountants and members of the Statistical Society to devise an accurate method for quantifying the Ottoman debt – and concluded that such a method did not exist. Historians of quantification and accounting have argued that the scientific status of nineteenth-century accounting depended on its disinterestedness. In the case of the Ottoman default, however, calculation was understood to be inseparable from material interest and political debate.

Update on the Scientific Status of the Plasma Focus

This paper is a sequel to the 1998 review paper “Scientific status of the Dense Plasma Focus” with 16 authors belonging to 16 nations, whose initiative led to the establishment of the International Center for Dense Magnetized Plasmas (ICDMP) in the year 2000. Its focus is on understanding the principal defining characteristic features of the plasma focus in the light of the developments that have taken place in the last 20 years, in terms of new facilities, diagnostics, models, and insights. Although it is too soon to proclaim with certainty what the plasma focus phenomenon is, the results available to date conclusively indicate what it is demonstrably not. The review looks at the experimental data, cross-correlated across multiple diagnostics and multiple devices, to delineate the contours of an emerging narrative that is fascinatingly different from the standard narrative, which has guided the consensus in the plasma focus community for several decades, without invalidating it. It raises a question mark over the Fundamental Premise of Controlled Fusion Research, namely, that any fusion reaction having the character of a beam-target process must necessarily be more inefficient than a thermonuclear process with a confined thermal plasma at a suitably high temperature. Open questions that need attention of researchers are highlighted. A future course of action is suggested that individual plasma focus laboratories could adopt in order to positively influence the future growth of research in this field, to the general benefit of not only the controlled fusion research community but also the world at large.

Depression and Schizophrenia

Depression and schizophrenia dragged down psychiatry's scientific status in the twenty-first century due to psychiatry’s inability to get beyond these two big diseases. Depression and schizophrenia formed the backbone of psychiatry since therapeutics are divided mainly into “antidepressants” and “antischizophrenics.” All forms of depression were accompanied by anxiety, and most forms of anxiety, except the psychotic variety, were accompanied by depression. The problem of psychopharmacology today was caused by the invention of new diagnoses that soon became profit centers for the pharmaceutical industry. The great river of diagnosis that flowed from nineteenth-century German psychiatry dominated the global picture of diagnosis and was considered heavily biological because it saw mental illness as brain disease.

Comments on New Integrative Photomedicine Equipment for Photobiomodulation and COVID-19

Up to now it has not yet been scientifically proven whether the technical methods of photonics in the field of photobiomodulation (PBM), photodynamic therapy (PDT), and laser acupuncture in connection with COVID-19 have achieved effective medical success. As part of this short technical note, an overview of the current scientific status is given and new equipment from our own research area is briefly presented. Although there are still many unanswered questions, it seems to be emerging that PBM and PDT in connection with the corresponding photosensitizers may make it appear worthwhile to perform experimental and clinical studies, primarily as so-called home therapy studies. In any case, the technical requirements for this are already in progress.

Psychoanalysis and Interdisciplinarity With Non-analytic Psychotherapeutic Approaches Through the Lens of Dialectics

Psychoanalysis, in its purist mainstream sense, tends to be considered as an isolationist discipline that steers clear of interdisciplinary connections with other psychotherapies. Its drive for purity does not open up to influences that cast as alien and a threat to its core principles. We refer to Hegelian dialectics in an attempt to offer an alternative approach to interdisciplinarity in clinical psychoanalysis. Psychoanalysis entertains a complex dialectical relationship with the major theories it opposes. In this dynamic, psychoanalysis begins by negating the non-psychoanalytic theory as a part of self-negation (Hegel calls this phase self-alienation). But in its own process of growth, it negates this negation and reabsorbs the alienated self part. Reabsorbing the negated component, psychoanalysis does not revert to its original identity but becomes sublated into a different, more complex idea. In this epistemological process, psychoanalysis deals with its own practical and theoretical anomalies and lacunas. The paper illustrates this process using three central developments in the history of psychoanalysis: empathy in self psychology (connection with Rogers' humanist psychology), short-term dynamic psychotherapy (connection with short, intensive therapies), and mentalization-based psychotherapy (connection with cognitive-behavioral therapies). In all of these cases, psychoanalysis integrates components it previously opposed and changes these components to their own, specific characteristics. We address the epistemological shifts in the scientific status of psychoanalysis and show their connection to dialectics. Finally, we conclude that dialectical development is what allows psychoanalysis to remain relevant and up to date, to be open to interdisciplinary influences without its identity and tradition coming under threat.

A CONDIÇÃO CIENTÍFICA DA MUSEOLOGIA NAS PÁGINAS DA MUSEOLOGICAL WORKING PAPERS: o Comitê Internacional para Museologia e a busca por uma legitimidade epistemológica = THE SCIENTIFIC CONDITION OF MUSEOLOGY ON THE MUSEOLOGICAL WORKING PAPERS PAGES: the International Committee for Museology and the search for an epistemic legitimacy

O debate sobre a condição científica da Museologia tem ganhado força desde os anos 1980, principalmente através das publicações do Comitê Internacional para a Museologia (ICOFOM), que integrou o Conselho Internacional de Museus (ICOM) a partir de 1977. Para compreender a intensificação do debate sobre o status científico da Museologia durante os anos 1980, este artigo aborda como se construiu o conceito moderno de ciência entre os séculos XVI e XVII, durante o processo histórico chamado de Revolução Científica, e como o modelo das ciências naturais se tornou paradigmático para toda forma de conhecimento que se pretendesse científica. Procura situar o surgimento das ciências humanas em sua fase moderna, já no século XIX, e como a sociologia positivista pretendia estender às ciências sociais o mesmo grau de cientificidade das ciências naturais. Chegando ao século XX, investiga por meio de revisão de literatura a emergência da Museologia como uma ciência. Tendo por estudo de caso a revista intitulada em inglês Museological Working Papers (MuWoP) e em francês Documents de Travail en Muséologie (DoTraM), publicado pelo ICOFOM em 1980, é realizada uma primeira análise documental, que destaca as opiniões de alguns profissionais de museu sobre a possível condição científica da Museologia, observáveis no primeiro número do periódico. Conclui que o MuWoP/DoTraM é um documento de referência do campo museológico tanto em perspectiva histórica, ao evidenciar uma caminhada em defesa da legitimidade epistemológica da Museologia, como teórica, ao se tornar um registro dos debates de formulação dessa ciência.ABSTRACTThe debate on the scientific condition of Museology has been gaining strength since the 1980s, mainly through the publications of the International Committee for Museology (ICOFOM), who joined the International Council of Museums (ICOM) from 1977. To understand the intensification of the debate about the scientific status of Museology during the 1980s, this article discusses how the modern concept of science was constructed between the 16th and 17th centuries, during the historical process called the Scientific Revolution, and how the model of natural sciences became paradigmatic for any form of knowledge that was intended to be scientific. It seeks to situate the emergence of the human sciences in their modern phase, already in the 19th century, and how positivist sociology intended to extend to the social sciences the same degree of scientificity as the natural sciences. Reaching the 20th century, it investigates through a literature review the emergence of Museology as a science. Having as a case study the journal entitled Museological Working Papers (MuWoP) in English and Documents de Travail en Muséologie (DoTraM) in French, published by ICOFOM in 1980, a first documentary analysis is carried out, which highlights the opinions of some museum professionals about the possible scientific condition of museology, which can be observed in the first issue of the journal. It concludes that the MuWoP/DoTraM is a reference document in the museological field in both a historical perspective, as it shows a walk in defense of the epistemological legitimacy of museology, as well as a theoretical one, as it becomes a record of debates on the formulation of this science.