ABSTRACT
Chemokines are inflammatory molecules that act primarily as chemoattractants and as activators of leukocytes. Their role in antigen-specific immune responses is of importance, but their role in disease protection is unknown. Recently it has been suggested that chemokines modulate immunity along more classical Th1 and Th2 phenotypes. However, no data currently exist in an infectious challenge model system. We analyzed the modulatory effects of selected chemokines (interleukin-8 [IL-8], gamma interferon-inducible protein 10 [IP-10], RANTES, monocyte chemotactic protein 1 [MCP-1], and macrophage inflammatory protein 1α [MIP-1α]) on immune phenotype and protection against lethal challenge with herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2). We observed that coinjection with IL-8 and RANTES plasmid DNAs dramatically enhanced antigen-specific Th1 type cellular immune responses and protection from lethal HSV-2 challenge. This enhanced protection appears to be mediated by CD4+ T cells, as determined by in vitro and in vivo T-cell subset deletion. Thus, IL-8 and RANTES cDNAs used as DNA vaccine adjuvants drive antigen-specific Th1 type CD4+ T-cell responses, which result in reduced HSV-2-derived morbidity, as well as reduced mortality. However, coinjection with DNAs expressing MCP-1, IP-10, and MIP-1α increased mortality in the challenged mice. Chemokine DNA coinjection also modulated its own production as well as the production of cytokines. These studies demonstrate that chemokines can dominate and drive immune responses with defined phenotypes, playing an important role in the generation of protective antigen-specific immunity.
CD4+ T-cell responses to herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) glycoprotein G are type specific and differ in symptomatic and asymptomatic HSV-2-infected individuals
