Human brain regions responsive to visual motion stimuli: determination by magnetoencephalography and three dimensional MRI

2000 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. S45
Author(s):  
M Bundo
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Visual Motion ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Brain Regions

scholarly journals Cerebral organoids: a promising model in cellular technologies

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-178
Author(s):  
T. A. Shnaider
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cell ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Brain Region ◽  
Pluripotent Stem Cell ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Cortical Plate ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Human Pluripotent Stem Cell ◽  
Long Distance

The development of the human brain is a complex multi-stage process including the formation of various types of neural cells and their interactions. Many fundamental mechanisms of neurogenesis have been established due to the studying of model animals. However, significant differences in the brain structure compared to other animals do not allow considering all aspects of the human brain formation, which could play the main role in the development of unique cognitive abilities for human. Four years ago, Lancaster’s group elaborated human pluripotent stem cell-derived three-dimensional cerebral organoid technology, which opened a unique opportunity for researchers to model early stages of human neurogenesis in vitro. Cerebral organoids closely remodel many endogenous brain regions with specific cell composition like ventricular zone with radial glia, choroid plexus, and cortical plate with upper and deeper-layer neurons. Moreover, human brain development includes interactions between different brain regions. Generation of hybrid three-dimensional cerebral organoids with different brain region identity allows remodeling some of them, including long-distance neuronal migration or formation of major axonal tracts. In this review, we consider the technology of obtaining human pluripotent stem cell-derived three-dimensional cerebral organoids with different modifications and with different brain region identity. In addition, we discuss successful implementation of this technology in fundamental and applied research like modeling of different neurodevelopmental disorders and drug screening. Finally, we regard existing problems and prospects for development of human pluripotent stem cell-derived threedimensional cerebral organoid technology.

scholarly journals Alcohol use disorder causes global changes in splicing in the human brain

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Derek Van Booven ◽  
Mengying Li ◽  
J. Sunil Rao ◽  
Ilya O. Blokhin ◽  
R. Dayne Mayfield ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Alcohol Use Disorder ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Gene Set Enrichment Analysis ◽  
Splicing Factor ◽  
Central Nucleus ◽  
Global Changes ◽  
Aberrant Expression ◽  
Altered Expression

AbstractAlcohol use disorder (AUD) is a widespread disease leading to the deterioration of cognitive and other functions. Mechanisms by which alcohol affects the brain are not fully elucidated. Splicing constitutes a nuclear process of RNA maturation, which results in the formation of the transcriptome. We tested the hypothesis as to whether AUD impairs splicing in the superior frontal cortex (SFC), nucleus accumbens (NA), basolateral amygdala (BLA), and central nucleus of the amygdala (CNA). To evaluate splicing, bam files from STAR alignments were indexed with samtools for use by rMATS software. Computational analysis of affected pathways was performed using Gene Ontology Consortium, Gene Set Enrichment Analysis, and LncRNA Ontology databases. Surprisingly, AUD was associated with limited changes in the transcriptome: expression of 23 genes was altered in SFC, 14 in NA, 102 in BLA, and 57 in CNA. However, strikingly, mis-splicing in AUD was profound: 1421 mis-splicing events were detected in SFC, 394 in NA, 1317 in BLA, and 469 in CNA. To determine the mechanism of mis-splicing, we analyzed the elements of the spliceosome: small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) and splicing factors. While snRNAs were not affected by alcohol, expression of splicing factor heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 6 (HSPA6) was drastically increased in SFC, BLA, and CNA. Also, AUD was accompanied by aberrant expression of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) related to splicing. In summary, alcohol is associated with genome-wide changes in splicing in multiple human brain regions, likely due to dysregulation of splicing factor(s) and/or altered expression of splicing-related lncRNAs.

scholarly journals RNA sequencing of transcriptomes in human brain regions: protein-coding and non-coding RNAs, isoforms and alleles

BMC Genomics ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy Webb ◽  
Audrey C. Papp ◽  
Amanda Curtis ◽  
Leslie C. Newman ◽  
Maciej Pietrzak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Rna Sequencing ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Non Coding Rnas

scholarly journals Regional Distribution and Kinetics of Three Sites on the GABAA Receptor: Lack of Effect of Portacaval Shunting

1992 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 334-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anke M. Mans ◽  
Kelli M. Kukulka ◽  
Keith J. McAvoy ◽  
Norman C. Rokosz
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Parameters ◽  
Regional Distribution ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Portacaval Shunt ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Significant Heterogeneity ◽  
Heterogeneous Distribution ◽  
Dimensional Reconstruction ◽  
Benzodiazepine Site ◽  
Gaba Neurotransmission

The regional distribution of binding sites on the GABAA receptor and their kinetic parameters were measured by quantitative autoradiography in brains from normal rats and rats with a portacaval shunt, a model of portal systemic encephalopathy in which GABA neurotransmission may be altered. The ligands used were [3H]flunitrazepam (a benzodiazepine-site agonist), [3H]-Ro 15-1788 (a benzodiazepine-site antagonist), [3H]muscimol (a GABA-site agonist), and [35S] t-butylbicyclo-phosphorothionate (35S-TBPS, a convulsant that binds to a site near the chloride channel). Some brains were analyzed by computerized image analysis and three-dimensional reconstruction. The regional distribution of binding of the benzodiazepines was very similar, but the patterns obtained with [3H]muscimol and [35S]TBPS were different in many areas, suggesting a heterogeneous distribution of several subtypes of the GABAA receptor. The kinetic parameters were determined in brain regions for [3H]flunitrazepam, [3H]Ro15-1788, and [3H]muscimol. For each ligand, the Kd showed a significant heterogeneity among brain regions (at least threefold), contrary to conclusions drawn from earlier studies. In portacaval shunted rats, binding of all four ligands was essentially unchanged from that in control rats, indicating that, if there was an abnormality in GABA neurotransmission during portal systemic shunting, it was not reflected by altered binding to the main sites on the GABAA receptor.

scholarly journals Imaging Muscarinic Cholinergic Receptors in Human Brain in vivo with SPECT, [123I]4-Iododexetimide, and [123I]4-Iodolevetimide

1992 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 562-570 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans W. Müller-Gärtner ◽  
Alan A. Wilson ◽  
Robert F. Dannals ◽  
Henry N. Wagner ◽  
J. James Frost
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Muscarinic Receptor ◽  
Muscarinic Receptors ◽  
Acetylcholine Receptors ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors ◽  
Emission Computed Tomography ◽  
Nonspecific Binding ◽  
Muscarinic Acetylcholine

A method to image muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (muscarinic receptors) noninvasively in human brain in vivo was developed using [123I]4-iododexetimide ([123I]IDex), [123I]4-iodolevetimide ([123I]ILev), and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). [123I]IDex is a high-affinity muscarinic receptor antagonist. [123I]ILev is its pharmacologically inactive enantiomer and measures nonspecific binding of [123I]IDex in vitro. Regional brain activity after tracer injection was measured in four young normal volunteers for 24 h. Regional [123I]IDex and [123I]ILev activities were correlated early after injection, but not after 1.5 h. [123I]IDex activity increased over 7–12 h in neocortex, neostriatum, and thalamus, but decreased immediately after the injection peak in cerebellum. [123I]IDex activity was highest in neostriatum, followed in rank order by neocortex, thalamus, and cerebellum. [123I]IDex activity correlated with muscarinic receptor concentrations in matching brain regions. In contrast, [123I]ILev activity decreased immediately after the injection peak in all brain regions and did not correspond to muscarinic receptor concentrations. [123I]IDex activity in neocortex and neostriatum during equilibrium was six to seven times higher than [123I]ILev activity. The data demonstrate that [123I]IDex binds specifically to muscarinic receptors in vivo, whereas [123I]ILev represents the nonspecific part of [123I]IDex binding. Subtraction of [123I]ILev from [123I]IDex images on a pixel-by-pixel basis therefore reflects specific [123I]IDex binding to muscarinic receptors. Owing to its high specific binding, [123I]IDex has the potential to measure small changes in muscarinic receptor characteristics in vivo with SPECT. The use of stereoisomerism directly to measure nonspecific binding of [123I]IDex in vivo may reduce complexity in modeling approaches to muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in human brain.

Human brain regions required for the dividing and switching of attention between two features of a single object

2003 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.A. Barrett ◽  
M.M. Large ◽  
G.L. Smith ◽  
F. Karayanidis ◽  
P.T. Michie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Single Object
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