Impact of antibiotic prophylaxis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis on colonization and infections with multidrug-resistant bacteria

2018 ◽  
Vol 68 ◽  
pp. S746-S747
Author(s):  
M. Mücke ◽  
A. Mayer ◽  
J. Kessel ◽  
V.T. Mücke ◽  
K. Schwarzkopf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Prophylaxis ◽  
Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Multidrug Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Peritonitis

scholarly journals High Prevalence of Multidrug Resistant Bacteria in Cirrhotic Patients with Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis: Is It Time to Change the Standard Antimicrobial Approach?

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerônimo De Conto Oliveira ◽  
Enrique Carrera ◽  
Roberta C. Petry ◽  
Caroline Deutschendorf ◽  
Augusto Mantovani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ascitic Fluid ◽  
Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis ◽  
Generation Cephalosporin ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Multidrug Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Peritonitis ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Cirrhotic Patients ◽  
End Stage

Introduction. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) has a deleterious clinical impact in end-stage liver disease, and multidrug resistance has increased, raising concern about effectiveness of traditional antibiotic regimens. Patients and Methods. Single-center retrospective study of ascitic fluid infections in cirrhotic patients. Results. We analyzed medical records related to 2129 culture-positive ascitic fluid and found 183 samples from cirrhotic patients. There were 113 monobacterial SBP cases from 97 cirrhotic patients; 57% of patients were male; hepatitis C and alcohol were the main etiologies for cirrhosis. Multidrug resistant bacteria were isolated in 46.9% of SBP samples, and third-generation cephalosporin and quinolone resistant reached 38.9% and 25.7% of SBP cases. Conclusion. SBP due to multidrug resistant bacteria is a growing problem, and one should consider reported resistance profiles for the decision-making process of empirical first-line treatment prescription.

Increasing frequency of gram-positive cocci and gram-negative multidrug-resistant bacteria in spontaneous bacterial peritonitis

2013 ◽  
Vol 33 (7) ◽  
pp. 975-981 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Alexopoulou ◽  
Nikolaos Papadopoulos ◽  
Dimitrios G. Eliopoulos ◽  
Apostolia Alexaki ◽  
Athanasia Tsiriga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Multidrug Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Bacterial Peritonitis ◽  
Gram Positive Cocci

Unsolved Issues in the Treatment of Spontaneous Peritonitis in Patients with Cirrhosis: Nosocomial Versus Community-acquired Infections and the Role of Fungi

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Enrico Maraolo ◽  
Antonio Riccardo Buonomo ◽  
Emanuela Zappulo ◽  
Riccardo Scotto ◽  
Biagio Pinchera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis ◽  
Positive Outcome ◽  
Empiric Therapy ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Empiric Antibiotic Therapy ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Fungal Peritonitis ◽  
Bacterial Peritonitis ◽  
Healthcare Associated

Introduction:Historically, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) has represented one of the most frequent and relevant infectious complications of advanced liver disease, and this is still valid today. Nevertheless, in recent years the role of fungi as causative pathogens of primary peritonitis in patients with cirrhosis has become not negligible. Another issue is linked with the traditional distinction, instrumental in therapeutic choice, between community-acquired and nosocomial forms, according to the onset. Between these two categories, another one has been introduced: the so-called “healthcare-associated infections”.Objective:To discuss the most controversial aspects in the management of SBP nowadays in the light of best available evidence.Methods:A review of recent literature through MEDLINE was performed.Results:The difference between community-acquired and nosocomial infections is crucial to guide empiric antibiotic therapy, since the site of acquisition impact on the likelihood of multidrug-resistant bacteria as causative agents. Therefore, third-generation cephalosporins cannot be considered the mainstay of treatment in each episode. Furthermore, the distinction between healthcare-associated and nosocomial form seems very subtle, especially in areas wherein antimicrobial resistance is widespread, warranting broad-spectrum antibiotic regimens for both. Finally, spontaneous fungal peritonitis is a not common but actually underestimated entity, linked to high mortality. Especially in patients with septic shock and/or failure of an aggressive antibiotic regimen, the empiric addition of an antifungal agent might be considered.Conclusion:Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis is one of the most important complications in patients with cirrhosis. A proper empiric therapy is crucial to have a positive outcome. In this respect, a careful assessment of risk factors for multidrug-resistant pathogens is crucial. Likewise important, mostly in nosocomial cases, is not to overlook the probability of a fungal ascitic infection, namely a spontaneous fungal peritonitis.

Quinolone and Multidrug Resistance Predicts Failure of Antibiotic Prophylaxis of Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (9) ◽  
pp. 1916-1924 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcus M Mücke ◽  
Amelie Mayer ◽  
Johanna Kessel ◽  
Victoria T Mücke ◽  
Dimitra Bon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Prophylaxis ◽  
Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Subdistribution Hazard ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Bacterial Peritonitis ◽  
Secondary Infections

Abstract Background The efficacy of antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) in patients colonized with multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) is unknown. We evaluated the effectiveness of fluoroquinolone-based SBP prophylaxis in an era and area of frequent antibiotic resistance. Methods This is a prospective observational study in patients with liver cirrhosis and an indication for fluoroquinolone-based prophylaxis of SBP. Patients were recruited and followed in a large German tertiary reference center with comprehensive microbiological and clinical monitoring performed at baseline and after 30, 60, 90, and 180 days of prophylaxis. Results Overall, 77 patients received antibiotic prophylaxis for an average of 93 days. Baseline prevalence of colonization with MDROs was high (N = 39, 50.6%). At least one de novo MDRO was detected in 27 patients (35.1%) during antibiotic prophylaxis; 33 patients (42.9%) developed secondary infections, including 14 cases (17.9%) of infections with MDROs, and 13 cases (16.9%) of de novo/recurrent SBP. Thirty patients (39.0%) died during follow-up. Significantly higher risks of SBP development during antibiotic prophylaxis were observed for patients with versus without any apparent MDROs (P = .009), vancomycin-resistant enterococci (P = .008), multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria (P = .016), or quinolone-resistant gram-negative bacteria (QR-GNB) (P = .015). In competing risk analysis, QR-GNB were independently associated with prophylaxis failure (hazard ratio, 3.39; P = .045) and infections with QR-GNB were independently associated with death before SBP (subdistribution hazard risk, 6.47; P = .034). Conclusions Antibiotic prophylaxis of SBP appears to be less efficient in patients with known MDROs. Regular MDRO screening seems to be useful to tailor treatment of secondary infections and re-evaluate antibiotic prophylaxis in case of selection of quinolone resistance.

scholarly journals Current Management of the Complications of Cirrhosis and Portal Hypertension: Variceal Hemorrhage, Ascites, and Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis

2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 382-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guadalupe Garcia-Tsao
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Prophylaxis ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Variceal Hemorrhage ◽  
Volume Depletion ◽  
Suspected Infection ◽  
Bacterial Peritonitis ◽  
Complications Of Cirrhosis

Cirrhosis is not a single entity but represents a disease progression across different prognostic stages, with the compensated and decompensated stages being the most important. Variceal hemorrhage (VH) and ascites are complications of cirrhosis that denote the presence of a decompensated stage. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) is a common bacterial infection unique to patients with cirrhosis that can precipitate the development of recurrent VH and hepatorenal syndrome (HRS), complications that denote the presence of a ‘further decompensated' stage of cirrhosis. Main current issues in the management of VH include identification of different prognostic stages that allow for individualized patient care. Management of VH cannot be performed in an isolated manner, and the presence of other complications of cirrhosis (ascites, encephalopathy) should be taken into account both in the management and in the design of clinical trials. Because management of ascites per se has not resulted in significant changes in mortality, main management issues consist of preventing further decompensating events by preventing factors that will lead to worsening vasodilatation and hemodynamic status (infections, vasodilators), preventing volume depletion (overdiuresis, GI hemorrhage) and preventing structural kidney injury (nephrotoxins). Prophylaxis of bacterial infections such as SBP currently consists of the administration of antibiotics. By preventing infections, there is evidence that recurrent VH and HRS can also be prevented. However, response to recommended empirical antibiotics in patients with suspected infection, such as SBP, is currently significantly lower than in the past because of an increase in infections secondary to multidrug resistant (MDR) organisms. One of the main predictors of the development of MDR organisms is antibiotic prophylaxis and unnecessary and prolonged use of antibiotics in hospital. Therefore, appropriate antibiotics should be used in patients with a high suspicion of infection, and antibiotic prophylaxis should be restricted to patients with the highest risk of infection.

scholarly journals Clinical and Bacteriological features of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in Malagasy patients with Cirrhosis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andry Lalaina Rinà Rakotozafindrabe ◽  
Chantelli Iamblaudiot Razafindrazoto ◽  
Anjaramalala Sitraka Rasolonjatovo ◽  
Jean Désiré Ezra Lantonirina ◽  
Jolivet Auguste Rakotomalala ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Ascites Fluid ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Bacteriological Study ◽  
Bacterial Peritonitis ◽  
Biological Criteria ◽  
Cirrhotic Patients ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Major Pathogens

Abstract Background: Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) represent frequent and serious complications in cirrhosis patients with ascites. Our aim was to describe the clinical and bacteriological characteristics of SBP in Madagascar.Methods: This is a 21-month prospective study between January 2018 and October 2019, including hospitalized patients with cirrhosis, with clinical and biological symptoms of SBP.Results: Thirty-three patients were included. The mean age was 48.09 ± 13.55 years (extremes: 19 – 78 years), the sex ratio was 3.12. Abdominal pain (55%), fever (36%), diarrhea (6%), hepatic encephalopathy (18%) are the most common symptoms. Gastrointestinal bleeding (18.18%) was the main risk factor to SBP. SBP was community-acquired in 87.88% of cases. A culture of ascites fluid was positive for 9 patients (27.27%). The infectious agents found were Escherichia coli (12.10%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (3%), Pseudomonas (3%), Streptococcus mitis (9.1%). Escherichia coli were wild with one case resistant to Ceftriaxone. The Klebsiella were multidrug resistant. The other two pathogens did not show resistance. After antibiotic therapy adapted to the antibiogram, healing was observed in 26 patients (78.78%). Seven patients (21.22%) died from various complications. All deceased patients had bacteria identified in ascites fluid.Conclusion: SBP defined according to clinical and biological criteria is apparently sterile in the majority of cases. Gram-negative bacteria were the major pathogens involved in SBP in cirrhotic patients. Escherichia coli and streptococcus were the most common pathogen isolated. Bacteriological study is essential to adapt antimicrobial to multidrug-resistant bacteria.

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