Theoretical analysis of absorption of chlorine in aqueous slurries of calcium hydroxide: desorption of hypochlorous acid gas

1996 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 97
Author(s):  
M Mogal
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Analysis ◽  
Calcium Hydroxide ◽  
Hypochlorous Acid ◽  
Acid Gas

scholarly journals Air purification by hypochlorous acid gas

1941 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. T. Masterman
Keyword(s):  
Recent Work ◽  
Hypochlorous Acid ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Air Purification ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Volumetric Concentration ◽  
Acid Gas ◽  
Air Disinfection

1. A short synopsis of research upon application of hypochlorites to airpurification is given.2. A short review of the most recent work on this subject shows that:(a) Of the “nebulizers” employed by Baker, Finn & Twort (1940) the “Atmozon” is incapable of consistent atomizing of hypochlorites, whilst the “Aerograph” has an efficiency much below that of modern atomizers.(b) The data obtained by them, after due allowance for defective technique, can be interpreted as fully confirming the view that HOCl gas is the active germicide in hypochlorite spraying. Sterility can be approximately attained (99·75% reduction) by HOCl gas with a volumetric concentration in air, of not more than (3·5 × 109)−1.(c) The application of the “Aerosol” theory is discussed and reasons given for its non-applicability to hypochlorite spraying.(d) Alleged drawbacks to this practical application of hypochlorite air disinfection are discussed and shown to be of no practical importance.

scholarly journals Studies on the disinfecting action of hypochlorous acid gas and sprayed solution of hypochlorite against bacterial aerosols

1945 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
William J. Elford ◽  
Joan Van Den Ende
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Hypochlorite ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Hypochlorous Acid ◽  
Acid Gas ◽  
Ulterior Motive ◽  
Bacterial Aerosols

These studies, carried out during the period 1940–2, were undertaken to test the relative merits of hypochlorous acid gas and sprayed solutions of sodium hypochlorite, when these systems are used as aerial disinfectants, and to ascertain the factors determining their efficiencies in this capacity. The ulterior motive was the use of such systems as a counter measure against the danger of air-borne infection. The more practical aspects of their large-scale application, in shelters and other compartments, have been the province of others of our colleagues and will be reported upon separately.

scholarly journals The use of hypochlorites for aerial disinfection

1940 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 560-582 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. H. Baker ◽  
S. R. Finn ◽  
C. C. Twort
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Hypochlorite ◽  
Hypochlorous Acid ◽  
Salt Content ◽  
Ultra Violet ◽  
Alkaline Solutions ◽  
Commercial Preparation ◽  
Acid Gas ◽  
Violet Light ◽  
High Salt Content ◽  
Upper Respiratory

A commercial preparation of sodium hypochlorite dispersed in the form of a mist has been tested for germicidal action on bacteria suspended in the air.The relative merits of acid, neutral and alkaline solutions have been discussed.A maximum of efficiency dependent on dilution has been shown to exist, and experiments with water and glycerol as diluents have been performed.The value of hypochlorous acid gas and chlorine as aerial bactericides has been tested, and experimental evidence advanced to show that while these are to some extent effective as gases, the acid, at any rate, is more lethal in solution as a mist.Further evidence of the importance in aerial disinfection of size and evaporation rate of mist particles has been obtained.Objections have been raised to the proprietary use of the preparation on account of the liberation of chlorine, and its high salt content, but the necessity for the presence of a certain amount of salt has been shown.Decrease in germicidal activity of the mists when required to sterilize atomized salivas has been indicated.The active persistence of sodium hypochlorite mists has been shown to be short.A few notes on the use of ultra-violet light and nitration methods for combating aerial infections have been added.It was found that the greater part of a magnesium oxide smoke inhaled by mice was retained in the upper respiratory passages.

scholarly journals Studies on air-borne virus infections: III. The killing of aerial suspensions of influenza virus by hypochlorous acid

1943 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 196-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. ff. Edward ◽  
O. M. Lidwell
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A ◽  
Hypochlorous Acid ◽  
Streptococcus Salivarius ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Subsequent Infection ◽  
Acid Gas ◽  
Virus Particles ◽  
Mucous Membranes ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Increased Susceptibility

Experiments are described for determining the effect of hypochlorite mists and hypochlorous acid gas on aerosols of influenza A virus.The virus aerosol is shown to be at least as easily killed by hypochlorite mists as Streptococcus salivarius. It is also killed by liberating hypochlorous acid gas itself into the atmosphere. A concentration of 1 vol. of gas in 2 million vol. of air is probably effective in destroying 99% or more of virus particles when the proportion of these in the air is small.Preliminary experiments on mice and cats are recorded which failed to reveal any toxic effects produced by inhaling the gas in relatively high concentrations or for prolonged periods. Acute irritation of mucous membranes only was found. This did not appear to lead to any increased susceptibility of mice to subsequent infection with influenza.We wish to acknowledge our indebtedness to the late Sir Patrick Laidlaw and to Dr R. J. V. Pulvertaft in co-operation with whom the earlier experiments were made. We also wish to thank Dr W. J. Elford, Dr F. C. MacIntosh, Dr R. K. Callow and Dr T. S. Work for their assistance and advice in parts of the investigation.

Microdiffraction Patterns of Small Metallic Particles II; Theoretical Analysis

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 668-669
Author(s):  
A. Gómez ◽  
P. Schabes-Retchkiman ◽  
M. José-Yacamán ◽  
T. Ocaña
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Electron Diffraction ◽  
Theoretical Analysis ◽  
Size Range ◽  
Dynamical Theory ◽  
Metallic Particles ◽  
Splitting Effect

The splitting effect that is observed in microdiffraction pat-terns of small metallic particles in the size range 50-500 Å can be understood using the dynamical theory of electron diffraction for the case of a crystal containing a finite wedge. For the experimental data we refer to part I of this work in these proceedings.

Theoretical analysis of a monopole antenna with conducting flat disk above the earth

2001 ◽  
Vol 84 (7) ◽  
pp. 27-36
Author(s):  
Aki Yuasa ◽  
Daisuke Itatsu ◽  
Naoki Inagaki ◽  
Nobuyoshi Kikuma
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Analysis ◽  
Monopole Antenna ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Flat Disk

Context Aversion, Pavlovian Conditioning, and the Psychological Side Effects of Chemotherapy

1997 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 118-124
Author(s):  
Geoffrey Hall
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Theoretical Analysis ◽  
Conditioned Response ◽  
Behavioral Strategies ◽  
Contextual Cues ◽  
Anticipatory Nausea ◽  
Laboratory Rats ◽  
Anticipatory Nausea And Vomiting ◽  
Parallel Case

Patients who have undergone several sessions of chemotherapy for cancer will sometimes develop anticipatory nausea and vomiting (ANV), these unpleasant side effects occurring as the patients return to the clinic for a further session of treatment. Pavlov's analysis of learning allows that previously neutral cues, such as those that characterize a given place or context, can become associated with events that occur in that context. ANV could thus constitute an example of a conditioned response elicited by the contextual cues of the clinic. In order to investigate this proposal we have begun an experimental analysis of a parallel case in which laboratory rats are given a nausea-inducing treatment in a novel context. We have developed a robust procedure for assessing the acquisition of context aversion in rats given such training, a procedure that shows promise as a possible animal model of ANV. Theoretical analysis of the conditioning processes involved in the formation of context aversions in animals suggests possible behavioral strategies that might be used in the alleviation of ANV, and we report a preliminary experimental test of one of these.

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