Regulation of a novel pathway for cell death by lysosomal aspartic and cysteine proteinases

Neuroscience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 233-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Isahara ◽  
Y Ohsawa ◽  
S Kanamori ◽  
M Shibata ◽  
S Waguri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Cysteine Proteinases

Masterminds or minions? Cysteine proteinases in plant programmed cell deathThis review is one of a selection of papers published in the Special Issue on Plant Cell Biology.

2006 ◽  
Vol 84 (4) ◽  
pp. 651-667 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher P. Trobacher ◽  
Adriano Senatore ◽  
John S. Greenwood
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Apoptotic Cell ◽  
Gene Families ◽  
Cysteine Proteinases ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Multicellular Organisms ◽  
Protease Expression ◽  
Signalling Cascade ◽  
Selection Of

Cysteine proteinases are ubiquitously involved in programmed cell death (PCD) in multicellular organisms. In animals, one group of cysteine proteinases, the cysteine-dependent aspartate-specific proteinases (caspases), are involved in a proteolytic signalling cascade that controls apoptosis, the most studied form of PCD. The enzymes act as both masterminds and executioners in apoptotic cell death. In plants, members of the metacaspase family, as well as those of the papain-like and legumain families, of cysteine proteinases have all been implicated in PCD. These enzymes often belong to sizeable gene families, with Arabidopsis having 9 metacaspase, 32 papain-like, and 4 legumain genes. This redundancy has made it difficult to ascertain the functional importance of any particular enzyme in plant PCD, as many are often expressed in a given tissue undergoing PCD. As yet, mechanisms similar to the apoptotic caspase cascade in animals have not been uncovered in plants and, indeed, may not exist. Are the various cysteine proteinases, so often implicated in plant PCD, merely acting as minions in the process? This review will outline reports of cysteine proteinases associated with plant PCD, discuss problems in determining the function of specific proteases, and suggest avenues for determining how these enzymes might be regulated and how PCD pathways upstream of protease expression and activation might operate.

Programmed cell death during flower senescence: isolation and characterization of cysteine proteinases from Sandersonia aurantiaca

2002 ◽  
Vol 29 (9) ◽  
pp. 1055 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jocelyn R. Eason ◽  
Dacey J. Ryan ◽  
Tatyana T. Pinkney ◽  
Erin M. O'Donoghue
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Programmed Cell Death ◽  
Soluble Protein ◽  
Cysteine Proteinase ◽  
Flower Senescence ◽  
Cysteine Proteinases ◽  
Cysteine Protease Inhibitors ◽  
Homologous Proteins ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
C Terminus

Cysteine protease inhibitors delayed the senescence of Sandersonia aurantiaca Hook. flowers. Tepal fading and wilting occurred later in the 2,2� -dipyridyl-treated flowers, and these flowers had a greater soluble protein content and less active endoproteases compared with control flowers that were held in water. Biochemical analysis revealed the presence of several protease-active bands in the soluble protein fraction of Sandersonia tepals. Activity of the polypeptides increased as flower senescence progressed. Western analysis with an antibody raised against the castor bean cysteine proteinase identified homologous proteins in Sandersonia flowers (ca 46, 41 and 31�kDa). Three cDNAs encoding cysteine proteinases were isolated from Sandersonia tepals (PRT5, PRT15 and PRT22). Expression of all three increased in tepals as senescence progressed. mRNAs for PRT5 were detected only in senescing flower tissue, whereas PRT15 and PRT22 were expressed in leaf, stem and root tissue. PRT5 has significant homology to C-terminus KDEL proteins, which have a role in the degradation of plant cell contents during programmed cell death. PRT15 is most similar to cysteine proteinases with a long C-terminal extension, whereas PRT22 is homologous to stress-induced cysteine proteinases.

DNA nick end labeling: a reliable marker for apoptosis?

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 962-963
Author(s):  
Anne F. Bushnell ◽  
Sarah Webster ◽  
Lynn S. Perlmutter
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Cultured Cells ◽  
Apoptotic Cell ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Tissue Preparation ◽  
Preparation Methods ◽  
Dna Laddering ◽  
Disease States ◽  
Reliable Marker

Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is an important mechanism in development and in diverse disease states. The morphological characteristics of apoptosis were first identified using the electron microscope. Since then, DNA laddering on agarose gels was found to correlate well with apoptotic cell death in cultured cells of dissimilar origins. Recently numerous DNA nick end labeling methods have been developed in an attempt to visualize, at the light microscopic level, the apoptotic cells responsible for DNA laddering.The present studies were designed to compare various tissue processing techniques and staining methods to assess the occurrence of apoptosis in post mortem tissue from Alzheimer's diseased (AD) and control human brains by DNA nick end labeling methods. Three tissue preparation methods and two commercial DNA nick end labeling kits were evaluated: the Apoptag kit from Oncor and the Biotin-21 dUTP 3' end labeling kit from Clontech. The detection methods of the two kits differed in that the Oncor kit used digoxigenin dUTP and anti-digoxigenin-peroxidase and the Clontech used biotinylated dUTP and avidinperoxidase. Both used 3-3' diaminobenzidine (DAB) for final color development.

Paracrystalline Aggregates of Psoriatic Keratin and Their Relation to Normal Keratin Structure

1985 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 680-681
Author(s):  
S. Trachtenberg ◽  
P.M. Steinert ◽  
B.L. Trus ◽  
A.C. Steven
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Stratum Corneum ◽  
Intermediate Filament ◽  
Skin Disease ◽  
Amorphous Matrix ◽  
Terminal Differentiation ◽  
Proteolytic Degradation ◽  
Horny Layer ◽  
Chronic Skin ◽  
Chronic Skin Disease

During terminal differentiation of vertebrate epidermis, certain specific keratin intermediate filament (KIF) proteins are produced. Keratinization of the epidermis involves cell death and disruption of the cytoplasm, leaving a network of KIF embedded in an amorphous matrix which forms the outer horny layer known as the stratum corneum. Eventually these cells are shed (desquamation). Normally, the processes of differentiation, keratinization, and desquamation are regulated in an orderly manner. In psoriasis, a chronic skin disease, a hyperkeratotic stratum corneum is produced, resulting in abnormal desquamation of unusually large scales. In this disease, the normal KIF proteins are diminished in amount or absent, and other proteins more typical of proliferative epidermal cells are present. There is also evidence of proteolytic degradation of the KIF.

The early development of antenna and antennal sensilla in the noctuid moth, Agrotis segetum (Insecta: Lepidoptera)

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 502-503
Author(s):  
Eric Hallberg ◽  
Lina Hansén
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Early Development ◽  
Larval Stage ◽  
Pupal Stage ◽  
Agrotis Segetum ◽  
Antennal Sensilla ◽  
Noctuid Moth ◽  
Standard Procedures

The antennal rudiments in lepidopterous insects are present as disks during the larval stage. The tubular double-walled antennal disk is present beneath the larval antenna, and its inner layer gives rise to the adult antenna during the pupal stage. The sensilla develop from a cluster of cells that are derived from one stem cell, which gives rise to both sensory and enveloping cells. During the morphogenesis of the sensillum these cells undergo major transformations, including cell death. In the moth Agrotis segetum the pupal stage lasts about 14 days (temperature, 25°C). The antennae, clearly seen from the exterior, were dissected and fixed according to standard procedures (3 % glutaraldehyde in 0.15 M cacaodylate buffer, followed by 1 % osmiumtetroxide in the same buffer). Pupae from day 1 to day 8, of both sexes were studied.

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