Hazard assessment of disinfection by-products, bromo chloroacetic acid and bromo dichloroacetic acid, in drinking water

Chlorine is the most common disinfectant used in drinking water treatment because it is cheap and has an efficient germicidal ability. However, chlorine and organic matter reacting trihalomethanes (THMs) are suspected carcinogens. The major groups of disinfection by-products (DBPs) are THMs, haloacetic acids (HAAs), haloacetonitriles (HANs), and halogenated ketones (HKs). Exposure to these by-products increases the risk of cancers, abortion, low birth weight, and congenital disabilities. The wastewater contents of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), as the source of total organic carbon (TOC) compounds, are oxidized by chlorine to produce DBPs. This study aimed to monitor the seasonal levels of THMs in Egypt compared with international standards using capillary gas chromatography. Results revealed that THMs mean values vary between 9.26 to 35.86 μg/l, while dichloroacetic acid (DCAA) and trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) mean values vary between 3.82 to 17.74 μg/l and 4.41 to 13.25 μg/l, respectively. The maximum THM and TCAA values were observed during the summer, probably due to high temperatures. While the maximum DCAA values were observed during the autumn due to the high levels of raw water TOC. In conclusion, continuous monitoring of THM and its species is highly recommended, taking into consideration how climate can influence THMs formation.

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THE USE OF RESULTS OF EXPANDED MONITORING RESEARCH FOR THE INTEGRATED ASSESSMENT OF DRINKING WATER ACCORDING TO INDICES OF CHEMICAL HARMLESSNESS

Hygiene and Sanitation ◽

10.18821/0016-9900-2018-97-2-117-124 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 97 (2) ◽

pp. 117-124 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Margarita Yu. Vozhdaeva ◽

A. R. Kholova ◽

E. V. Vagner ◽

E. A. Kantor ◽

L. I. Kantor ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Water Intake ◽

Ultra Violet ◽

Water Disinfection ◽

Dichloroacetic Acid ◽

Drinking Waters ◽

Polycyclic Aromatic ◽

The City ◽

Ethylhexyl Phthalate ◽

By Products

According to results of the estimation of drinking water on the index of the chemical harmlessness of five water intake structures of the city of Ufa, the drinking water of a superficial water intake on total and population cancerogenic risks was shown to be more harmful in comparison with water from infiltration water intakes. At the same time, drinking water from an infiltration water intake with ultra-violet disinfecting has smallest values of cancerogenic and non-cancerogenic risks. Trigalogenmetans and dichloroacetic acid (water disinfection chlorine by-products)| make the main contribution to the value of the total cancerogenic risk of the studied drinking waters, trigalogenmetans and di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate make the contribution to the value of noncancerogenic risk. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons fail to have a significant impact on the value of total cancerogenic risk of drinking water of the city in view of their presence at low concentration. Work is carried out according to R 2.1.10.1920-04 and MR 2.1.4.0032-11.

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Exposure to disinfectant by-products and the risk of stillbirth in Massachusetts

Occupational and Environmental Medicine ◽

10.1136/oemed-2017-104861 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 75 (10) ◽

pp. 742-751 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Zorimar Rivera-Núñez ◽

J Michael Wright ◽

Amy Meyer

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Trichloroacetic Acid ◽

Dichloroacetic Acid ◽

Haloacetic Acids ◽

Future Research ◽

Second Trimester ◽

Exposure Response ◽

Exposure Metrics ◽

Monobromoacetic Acid ◽

By Products

ObjectivesWe examined stillbirths in relation to disinfection by-product (DBP) exposures including chloroform, bromodichloromethane (BDCM), dibromochloromethane, bromoform, trichloroacetic acid, dichloroacetic acid (DCAA), monobromoacetic acid and summary DBP measures (trihalomethanes (THM4), haloacetic acids (HAA5), THMBr (brominated trihalomethanes) and DBP9 (sum of THM4 and HAA5)).MethodsWe randomly selected 10 controls for each of the 2460 stillbirth cases with complete quarterly 1997–2004 THM4 and HAA5 town-level drinking water data. Adjusted (aORs) were calculated based on weight-averaged second-trimester DBP exposures.ResultsWe detected statistically significant associations for stillbirths and the upper DCAA quartiles (aOR range: 1.50–1.71). We also found positive associations for the upper four HAA5 quintiles and different stillbirth cause of death categories that were examined including unexplained stillbirth (aOR range: 1.24–1.72), compression of umbilical cord (aOR range: 1.08–1.94), prematurity (aOR range: 1.37–2.88), placental separation and haemorrhage (aOR range: 1.44–2.01) and asphyxia/hypoxia (aOR range: 1.52–1.97). Additionally, we found positive associations between stillbirths and chloroform exposure (aOR range: 1.29 – 1.36) and unexplained stillbirths and BDCM exposure (aOR range: 1.51 – 1.78). We saw no evidence of exposure–response relationships for any categorical DBP metrics.ConclusionsConsistent with some previous studies, we found associations between stillbirths and chloroform and unexplained stillbirth and BDCM exposures. These findings strengthen existing evidence of prenatal THM exposures increasing the risk of stillbirth. Additionally, we saw statistically significant associations between DCAA and stillbirth. Future research should examine cause-specific stillbirths in relation to narrower critical windows and additional DBP exposure metrics beyond trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids.

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Disinfection By-products in Drinking Water

10.1039/9781782622710 ◽

2015 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

By Products

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Temporal variability of disinfection by-products concentration in urban public water system

Global NEST Journal ◽

10.30955/gnj.000902 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 14 (4) ◽

pp. 393-398

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Water Samples ◽

Temporal Variability ◽

Water System ◽

The Other ◽

Major Constituent ◽

System P ◽

Public Water System ◽

Drinking Water Samples ◽

By Products

The occurrence of trihalomethanes (THMs) was studied in the drinking water samples from urban water supply network of Karachi city that served more than 18 million people. Drinking water samples were collected from 58 locations in summer (May-August) and winter (November-February) seasons. The major constituent of THMs detected was chloroform in winter (92.34%) and summer (93.07%), while the other THMs determined at lower concentrations. Summer and winter concentrations of total THMs at places exceed the levels regulated by UEPA (80 μg l-1) and WHO (100 μg l-1). GIS linked temporal variability in two seasons showed significantly higher median concentration (2.5%-23.06%) of THMs compared to winter.

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