scholarly journals Exposure to disinfectant by-products and the risk of stillbirth in Massachusetts

2018 ◽  
Vol 75 (10) ◽  
pp. 742-751 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zorimar Rivera-Núñez ◽  
J Michael Wright ◽  
Amy Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Trichloroacetic Acid ◽  
Dichloroacetic Acid ◽  
Haloacetic Acids ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Second Trimester ◽  
Exposure Response ◽  
Exposure Metrics ◽  
Monobromoacetic Acid ◽  
By Products

ObjectivesWe examined stillbirths in relation to disinfection by-product (DBP) exposures including chloroform, bromodichloromethane (BDCM), dibromochloromethane, bromoform, trichloroacetic acid, dichloroacetic acid (DCAA), monobromoacetic acid and summary DBP measures (trihalomethanes (THM4), haloacetic acids (HAA5), THMBr (brominated trihalomethanes) and DBP9 (sum of THM4 and HAA5)).MethodsWe randomly selected 10 controls for each of the 2460 stillbirth cases with complete quarterly 1997–2004 THM4 and HAA5 town-level drinking water data. Adjusted (aORs) were calculated based on weight-averaged second-trimester DBP exposures.ResultsWe detected statistically significant associations for stillbirths and the upper DCAA quartiles (aOR range: 1.50–1.71). We also found positive associations for the upper four HAA5 quintiles and different stillbirth cause of death categories that were examined including unexplained stillbirth (aOR range: 1.24–1.72), compression of umbilical cord (aOR range: 1.08–1.94), prematurity (aOR range: 1.37–2.88), placental separation and haemorrhage (aOR range: 1.44–2.01) and asphyxia/hypoxia (aOR range: 1.52–1.97). Additionally, we found positive associations between stillbirths and chloroform exposure (aOR range: 1.29 – 1.36) and unexplained stillbirths and BDCM exposure (aOR range: 1.51 – 1.78). We saw no evidence of exposure–response relationships for any categorical DBP metrics.ConclusionsConsistent with some previous studies, we found associations between stillbirths and chloroform and unexplained stillbirth and BDCM exposures. These findings strengthen existing evidence of prenatal THM exposures increasing the risk of stillbirth. Additionally, we saw statistically significant associations between DCAA and stillbirth. Future research should examine cause-specific stillbirths in relation to narrower critical windows and additional DBP exposure metrics beyond trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids.

scholarly journals Biodegradation of six haloacetic acids in drinking water

2007 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walt Bayless ◽  
Robert C. Andrews
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Trichloroacetic Acid ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Haloacetic Acids ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Drinking Water Distribution Systems ◽  
Drinking Water Distribution ◽  
Monobromoacetic Acid ◽  
By Products

Haloacetic acids (HAAs) are produced by the reaction of chlorine with natural organic matter and are regulated disinfection by-products of health concern. Biofilms in drinking water distribution systems and in filter beds have been associated with the removal of some HAAs, however the removal of all six routinely monitored species (HAA6) has not been previously reported. In this study, bench-scale glass bead columns were used to investigate the ability of a drinking water biofilm to degrade HAA6. Monochloroacetic acid (MCAA) and monobromoacetic acid (MBAA) were the most readily degraded of the halogenated acetic acids. Trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) was not removed biologically when examined at a 90% confidence level. In general, di-halogenated species were removed to a lesser extent than the mono-halogenated compounds. The order of biodegradability by the biofilm was found to be monobromo > monochloro > bromochloro > dichloro > dibromo > trichloroacetic acid.

Formation of HAAs during Chlorination of Aspartic Acid in Drinking Water

2011 ◽  
Vol 250-253 ◽  
pp. 3425-3428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhong Lin Chen ◽  
An Li ◽  
Sheng Jun Wang ◽  
Ying Han ◽  
Feng Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Aspartic Acid ◽  
Trichloroacetic Acid ◽  
Initial Period ◽  
Dichloroacetic Acid ◽  
Haloacetic Acids ◽  
Chlorination Process ◽  
Alkaline Conditions ◽  
By Products

As a traditional disinfection method, chlorination disinfection is used generally in the plants ,however, disinfection by-products (DBPs) during chlorination process generate accordingly. Nitrogenous organic compounds is a kind of important precursors of DBPs. Haloacetic acids (HAAs) is one kind of the main DBPs. Aspartic acid (Asp) is one kind of elementary amino acids,which are typical nitrogenous organic compounds.In this paper, the formation characteristics of HAAs by Asp under different chlorination disinfection conditions have been researched, such as reaction time, chlorine dosage, pH, temperature and Br- . The results show that the yields of dichloroacetic acid(DCAA) and trichloroacetic acid(TCAA) are both increased with the reaction time increasing,and the formation rates is accelerated at the initial period; With the increase of chlorine dosage, the yields of DCAA and TCAA increased; The yield of DCAA and TCAA are both low in the acidic condition and high in the conditions of neutral and alkaline conditions. The yield of DCAA and TCAA increased with the increase of temperature. When there is Br- in water, bromided-HAAs can be formed.The total HAAs yield and BIF both increase with the increase of Br- concentration. The HAAs constituents contain DCAA,TCAA,BCAA,DBCAA, DCBAA, DBAA and TBAA. At low Br- concentration,the order of HAAs constituents yields is DCAA>BCAA>DCBAA>TCAA>DBCAA> DBAA>TBAA.

scholarly journals Formation of DBPs in the drinking eater of Athens, Greece: a Ten-Year study

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-118
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Chloral Hydrate ◽  
Haloacetic Acids ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Water Treatment Plants ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
By Products ◽  
The Eu

The formation of Disinfection By-Products (DBPs) in drinking water results from the reaction of chlorine or other disinfectants added to the water with naturally occurring organic materials, and has raised concerns during the last decades because these compounds are harmful for human health. During the present work, the formation of different categories of DBPs was investigated in four water treatment plants (WTP) using chlorine as disinfectant, and in selected points of the distribution network of Athens, Greece, which is supplied from these four WTP, during a period of ten years. The concentrations of DBPs were generally low and the annual mean concentrations always well below the regulatory limit of the European Union (EU) for the total trihalomethanes (TTHMs). The haloacetic acids (HAAs) have not been regulated in the EU, but during this investigation they often occurred in significant levels, sometimes exceeding the levels of TTHMs, which highlights the importance of their monitoring in drinking water. Apart from THMs and HAAs, several other DBPs species were detected at much lower concentrations in the chlorinated waters: chloral hydrate, haloketones and, in a limited number of cases, haloacetonitriles.

Hazard assessment of disinfection by-products, bromo chloroacetic acid and bromo dichloroacetic acid, in drinking water

2021 ◽  
Vol 350 ◽  
pp. S226
Author(s):  
M. Matsumoto ◽  
Y. Murata ◽  
N. Hirose ◽  
Y. Shigeta ◽  
T. Iso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Hazard Assessment ◽  
Chloroacetic Acid ◽  
Dichloroacetic Acid ◽  
By Products

Humic Substances as Precursors for Potentially Harmful Disinfection By-Products

1999 ◽  
Vol 40 (9) ◽  
pp. 25-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.C. Singer
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Carbon Content ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Humic Substances ◽  
Organic Material ◽  
Haloacetic Acids ◽  
Aromatic Carbon ◽  
Ultraviolet Absorbance ◽  
Natural Organic Material ◽  
By Products

During the chlorination of drinking water, chlorine reacts with natural organic material to produce disinfection by-products, such as trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids, which are believed to be harmful to human health. The formation of these by-products is related to the aromatic carbon content of the water, for which specific ultraviolet absorbance serves as a useful surrogate. Because humic substances in water tend to have a higher aromatic carbon content and a higher specific ultraviolet absorbance than non-humic substances, they produce greater levels of disinfection by-products.

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