Cholinergic modulation of learning and memory in the human brain as detected with functional neuroimaging

2003 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 234-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christiane M Thiel
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Cholinergic Modulation

scholarly journals The neural representational space of social memory

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah L. Dziura ◽  
James C. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Incidental Learning ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Temporoparietal Junction ◽  
Representational Space ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
The Social ◽  
Multivariate Pattern

AbstractSocial functioning involves learning about the social networks in which we live and interact; knowing not just our friends, but also who is friends with our friends. Here we utilized a novel incidental learning paradigm and representational similarity analysis (RSA), a functional MRI multivariate pattern analysis technique, to examine the relationship between learning social networks and the brain's response to the faces within the networks. We found that accuracy of learning face pair relationships through observation is correlated with neural similarity patterns to those pairs in the left temporoparietal junction (TPJ), the left fusiform gyrus, and the subcallosal ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), all areas previously implicated in social cognition. This model was also significant in portions of the cerebellum and thalamus. These results show that the similarity of neural patterns represent how accurately we understand the closeness of any two faces within a network, regardless of their true relationship. Our findings indicate that these areas of the brain not only process knowledge and understanding of others, but also support learning relations between individuals in groups.Significance StatementKnowledge of the relationships between people is an important skill that helps us interact in a highly social world. While much is known about how the human brain represents the identity, goals, and intentions of others, less is known about how we represent knowledge about social relationships between others. In this study, we used functional neuroimaging to demonstrate that patterns in human brain activity represent memory for recently learned social connections.

Emotional Objectivity: Neural Representations of Emotions and Their Interaction with Cognition

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca M. Todd ◽  
Vladimir Miskovic ◽  
Junichi Chikazoe ◽  
Adam K. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Fundamental Feature ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Neural Representations ◽  
Emotional Outcomes ◽  
Multiple Levels ◽  
Psychological Events ◽  
Emotional Representations

Recent advances in our understanding of information states in the human brain have opened a new window into the brain's representation of emotion. While emotion was once thought to constitute a separate domain from cognition, current evidence suggests that all events are filtered through the lens of whether they are good or bad for us. Focusing on new methods of decoding information states from brain activation, we review growing evidence that emotion is represented at multiple levels of our sensory systems and infuses perception, attention, learning, and memory. We provide evidence that the primary function of emotional representations is to produce unified emotion, perception, and thought (e.g., “That is a good thing”) rather than discrete and isolated psychological events (e.g., “That is a thing. I feel good”). The emergent view suggests ways in which emotion operates as a fundamental feature of cognition, by design ensuring that emotional outcomes are the central object of perception, thought, and action.

Shock, Surgery and Cerebral Asymmetry

1970 ◽  
Vol 117 (537) ◽  
pp. 143-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Inglis
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Electroconvulsive Therapy ◽  
Systematic Study ◽  
Memory Function ◽  
Human Memory ◽  
Normal Activity ◽  
Temporal Lobectomy ◽  
Cerebral Asymmetry

The main contention of this paper is that some of the transient side-effects of electroconvulsive therapy on human memory resemble, in kind if not in degree, those more severe and chronic learning defects that are known to appear as an incidental result of temporal lobectomy in man. If this claim can plausibly be supported it would imply a pressing need for the more systematic study of other modes of therapeutically effective ECT that would interfere as little as possible with the normal activity of those parts of the human brain that are essential for adequate learning and memory function.

scholarly journals Cholinergic Modulation of Cortical Microcircuits Is Layer-Specific: Evidence from Rodent, Monkey and Human Brain

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Obermayer ◽  
Matthijs B. Verhoog ◽  
Antonio Luchicchi ◽  
Huibert D. Mansvelder
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Cholinergic Modulation ◽  
Cortical Microcircuits

scholarly journals Test-retest reliability of the human functional connectome over consecutive days: identifying highly reliable portions and assessing the impact of methodological choices

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 925-945
Author(s):  
Leonardo Tozzi ◽  
Scott L. Fleming ◽  
Zachary D. Taylor ◽  
Cooper D. Raterink ◽  
Leanne M. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Good Reliability ◽  
Retest Reliability ◽  
Methodological Choices ◽  
Functional Connectome ◽  
Global Signal ◽  
Test Retest Reliability ◽  
The Impact

Countless studies have advanced our understanding of the human brain and its organization by using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to derive network representations of human brain function. However, we do not know to what extent these “functional connectomes” are reliable over time. In a large public sample of healthy participants ( N = 833) scanned on two consecutive days, we assessed the test-retest reliability of fMRI functional connectivity and the consequences on reliability of three common sources of variation in analysis workflows: atlas choice, global signal regression, and thresholding. By adopting the intraclass correlation coefficient as a metric, we demonstrate that only a small portion of the functional connectome is characterized by good (6–8%) to excellent (0.08–0.14%) reliability. Connectivity between prefrontal, parietal, and temporal areas is especially reliable, but also average connectivity within known networks has good reliability. In general, while unreliable edges are weak, reliable edges are not necessarily strong. Methodologically, reliability of edges varies between atlases, global signal regression decreases reliability for networks and most edges (but increases it for some), and thresholding based on connection strength reduces reliability. Focusing on the reliable portion of the connectome could help quantify brain trait-like features and investigate individual differences using functional neuroimaging.

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