Determining The Impacts of Educational Intervention Based on PLST Extended Care On Caregiving Methods and Improved Exposure To Challenging Behaviors of People With Dementia (PWD): A Mixed-Methods Study

Background: Psychological events in people with dementia (PWD) lead to behavioral disorders that require targeted planning for caregivers on how to adapt to these behaviors. A progressively lowered stress threshold (PLST) model provides effective interventions for caregivers to adapt to the behaviors of people with dementia (PWD). Therefore, this study aims to determine the impacts of educational intervention based on the progressively lowered stress threshold extended (PLSTE) model on the caregiving of people with dementia (PWD) in Isfahan, Iran.Methods: This exploratory mixed methods study was initially conducted with a qualitative approach to content analysis type from May 2016 to June 2018. Data were collected in a qualitative stage through in-depth nonstructured interviews with 29 People with Dementia (PWD)'s caregivers using the "new comment" command and then analyzed. The researcher designed a multisectional questionnaire, including demographic characteristics, knowledge measurement, and monitoring the practice of caregivers. The validity of the questionnaire was verified by a panel of experts, and its reliability was confirmed using the Cronbach alpha coefficient (knowledge section 0.838 and practice section 0.802). To adjust the intervention program, the educational content based on the PLSTE model was used for 38 caregivers available at two elderly nursing centers in Isfahan. The data were collected immediately and one month after the educational intervention using a questionnaire.Results: According to the results of the qualitative section of this study, the researcher was able to add a cultural and belief class and then the related intervention method to the PLST model. In the quantitative part, paired t-test indicated that the mean scores of knowledge, caregiving practice, and exposure to Challenging Behaviors (CB) in all dimensions of practice immediately and one a month after intervention were significantly higher than the mean scores before intervention (P < 0.05).Conclusion: Considering the impacts of this intervention, educating caregivers with PLST extended the care model is recommended, with a specific focus on cultural and traditional issues of society, to improve the knowledge and practice of caregivers in caregiving skills and appropriate exposure to challenging behaviors people with dementia (CBPWD).Trial registration No. IRCT20180421039370N1 -2019-01-11-http://www.irct.ir

Continuity, Discontinuity, and Scenes

Continuity is the smooth flow of movies, whereas discontinuity is an interruption. Continuity generally rules within scenes, and discontinuity is fostered between them. Movie scenes are psychological events, and they have beginnings, middles, and ends. These manifest themselves in shot durations that go from longer to shorter to longer again, creating an arc. Shot scales show a similar arc—long shots, moving to medium shots and medium close-ups, and then often backing away. Scenes typically take place in a single location, with a fixed set of characters, over a small but continuous time period. Narrational shifts to a new scene occur when any one of these three dimensions is changed. This chapter discusses examples covering all seven possible shifts. It also discusses, with examples, Walter Murch’s Rule of Six, an ordered ranking of editing principles. This leads to a discussion of the less-than-overwhelming importance the 180-degree rule.

The Effects of Music Therapy on Cortisol Levels as a Biomarker of Stress in Children

Stress is a physiological and psychological response to the perception of danger and threat. Stress can occur due to a physical injury, mechanical disturbance, chemical change, or emotional factor. Stress can occur at all ages, including children and adolescents. Various physical and psychological events can cause stress in children, for example suffering from an illness, injury/trauma, parental divorce, parental death, sexual abuse, natural disasters, war, etc. Various exposures to physical and psychological stress harmful to the body can cause it to carry out defense mechanisms against these threats, one of which is changes in the cortisol hormone. Cortisol hormone is used as a biochemical marker for acute and chronic stress. The increase in this hormone as an indicator of stress can be changed through psychosocial interventions, one of which is by the provision of music therapy. Music therapy can manage stress problems of people at various ages with minimal side effects and a small amount of money. It is also easy to apply and does not require any intellectual ability to interpret. There are no limitations for users to use music therapy.

Back to the future with an up-dated version of RFT: More field than frame?

The current chapter presents an overview of a line of research that focuses on the behavioral dynamics of arbitrarily applicable relational responding (AARRing), and the implications of this research for the on-going development of relational frame theory (RFT) itself. Specifically, the integration of two recent conceptual developments within RFT are described. The first of these is the multi-dimensional, multi-level (MDML) framework and the second is the differential arbitrarily applicable relational responding effects (DAARRE) model. Integrating the MDML framework and the DAARRE model emphasizes the transformation of functions within the MDML, thus yielding a hyper-dimensional, multi-level (HDML) framework for analyzing the behavioral dynamics of AARRing. The HDML generates a new conceptual unit of analysis for RFT in which relating, orienting, and evoking (ROEing) are seen as involved in virtually all psychological events for verbally-able humans. Some of the implications of the ROE as a unit of analysis for RFT are explored, including the idea that it may be useful to conceptualize the dynamics of AARRing as involving a field of verbal interactants.

Strategies and tactics for developing the human resources potential of young scientists: results of applied research

The study, whose results are presented in this article was performed with financial support RFBR and ANO AISI in the framework of scientific project No. 19-011-31346 "State policy of reproduction of human potential of science". The study showed that young scientists demonstrate a low level of confidence in their ability to manage research teams, a low level of trust in the official mechanisms of state regulation of the development of science in the absence of effective communication channels between researchers, society and the state. In the course of in-depth semi-structured interviews and online questionnaires, key groups of barriers to successful career growth in science for young scientists are identified and justified: financial, organizational, and moral and ethical. In this regard, there is currently an urgent need to support the part of young scientists who can potentially appear as leaders of research teams in the implementation of state tasks and grants from scientific funds. The study was developed structural-functional model of pedagogical and scientific-methodical support of professional development of young scientists through a specially organized system of interrelated actions, activities, and pedagogical and psychological events focused on reflection of professional experience, personal transformation, self-actualization, contributing to the achievement of professional success as the young scientist and research team as a whole.

The Interrelation of Neurological and Psychological Symptoms of COVID-19: Risks and Remedies

COVID-19 has catastrophically affected the world’s panoramic view of human well-being in terms of healthcare and management. With the increase in the number of cases worldwide, neurological symptoms and psychological illnesses from COVID-19 have increasingly upsurged. Mental health illness and affective disorders, including depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, anxiety, phobia, and panic disorders, are highly impacted due to social distress. The COVID-19 pandemic not only affected people with pre-existing mental and affective illnesses, but also healthy individuals with anxiety, worrying, and panic symptoms, and fear conditioning. In addditon, the novel coronavirus is known to impact the central nervous system in the brain, resulting in severe and certain long-lasting neurological issues. Owing to the significance of neurological and psychological events, the present perspective has been an attempt to disseminate the impact of COVID-19 on neural injury through inflammation, and its interrelation with psychological symptoms. In this current review, we synthesize the literature to highlight the critical associations between SARS-CoV-2 infection and the nervous system, and mental health illness, and discuss potential mechanisms of neural injury through psycho-neuroimmunity.

Peculiarities of life path perception by older people experienced gerontological abuse

This work is aimed at determination of peculiarities of life path perception by older people who have experienced gerontological abuse. One of the methods of studying personality lies in consideration of the uniqueness of a life path. Therefore, within the framework of this research the author examines the following indicators of event-meaningful structure of a life path: productivity of reproduction of life events; efficiency of reproduction of the events of various level of subjective significance; average time of retrospection and anticipation; frequency of occurrence of different types of life events.. For identification of the peculiarities of life path perception was used the method of &ldquo;Psychological autobiography&rdquo; of E. Y. Korzhova, questionnaire of P. V. Puchkov aimed at detection of gerontological abuse. The study involved 277 respondents: 204 persons who have experienced gerontological abuse, and 73 persons without such experience. The specificities of subjective picture of a life path among older people who have gone through gerontological abuse are defined by narrowness of meaningful experiences in reproducing images of the life path, weak differentiation of events, retrospection of events into the past, close mind with regards to building the future. Prevalence of the types of life events associated with personality and psychological changes and transformations of social environment, which psychological content suggests that emotional states, as the important indicator for satisfaction of needs, can become the regulators of behavior of older people who experienced gerontological abuse, unlike older people with no such experience, whose personality and psychological events are related with realization of particular goals.

Psychoanalysis and Psychosomatics in Europe

Psychosomatics concerns those physical disorders not caused by an organic event but caused by psychological events. These disorders, called “psychosomatic,” may involve different organs and systems and it is possible a wide range of cases of possible psychosomatic disorders. The term psychosomatics itself represents all the complexity and tension of this discipline. It contains a dualism that contrasts with the theory at the heart of psychosomatic medicine—the functional and synergistic unitary nature of soma and psyche. The psychosomatic problem represents the original nucleus at the inception of the psychoanalytic movement that concerns itself precisely with the physical disorders devoid of an anatomopathological substratum. With the development of the libido theory and the resulting hypotheses on the development of neurosis, Freud proposed a model that integrates the somatic, psychic, and social component, and it represents in a convincing way physical diseases that occur as a result of psychological events. Freud created two distinct approaches in the explanation of psychosomatic disorders: the first makes use of a system of conversion of the psychic into the somatic, and the second raises problems of biological nature, in the sense that a psychological factor (anxiety) would directly activate the sympathetic system and therefore the organic functions it controls. The conflict theory was the first major paradigm of psychosomatic medicine, and most efforts by the first generation of psychosomatists aimed to test this hypothesis and identify psychological conflicts that were typical of patients suffering from diseases considered psychosomatic in nature. Some scholars—such as Federn, Goddeck, Deutsch, Dumbar and Alexander, Schultz-Hencke, von Weizsäcker, Schilder, Schur, de Mitsherlich, de Boor—starting from the Freudian psychoanalysis, emphasize a particular psychoanalytic mechanism interpreted as a cause of psychosomatic disorders. The panorama of contemporary psychosomatics is certainly much more varied than the classical one, and new proposals and conceptions have emerged alongside the psychoanalytic model. The main contemporary models aim to integrate the knowledge of medicine and psychoanalysis into a coherent and unitary theoretical whole. The goal is therefore the unification of the ontological and scientific dualism that sees the body of medicine as opposed to the psyche of psychoanalysis. The contemporary theories all converge in the analysis of the original mechanisms of formation and development of subjectivity that is named according to the search to address ego, self, or identity.

Emotional Objectivity: Neural Representations of Emotions and Their Interaction with Cognition

Recent advances in our understanding of information states in the human brain have opened a new window into the brain's representation of emotion. While emotion was once thought to constitute a separate domain from cognition, current evidence suggests that all events are filtered through the lens of whether they are good or bad for us. Focusing on new methods of decoding information states from brain activation, we review growing evidence that emotion is represented at multiple levels of our sensory systems and infuses perception, attention, learning, and memory. We provide evidence that the primary function of emotional representations is to produce unified emotion, perception, and thought (e.g., “That is a good thing”) rather than discrete and isolated psychological events (e.g., “That is a thing. I feel good”). The emergent view suggests ways in which emotion operates as a fundamental feature of cognition, by design ensuring that emotional outcomes are the central object of perception, thought, and action.

Gegen-Ermittlung. Anna Seghers’ Der Kopflohn und die Lesbarkeit des Faschismus

Der Kopflohn (1933), an early novel by Anna Seghers, has a unique status in the field of literary investigations: it gives a literary milieu study of its time, in which the police chases a fugitive in the province of Rhine-Hesse in Germany. The implicit protagonist of the novel, however, is the emerging movement of German National Socialism. The literary investigation thus proceeds as a counter-investigation: It illuminates the spectrum of social and psychological events that take shape in light of the police investigation, and thus depicts the beginnings of fascism. The literary counter-investigation is thus not driven by a single event, but by the emergence of a social disposition. The article then shows that Seghers’ artistic mode of representation is informed by both her dissertation on Rembrandt and contemporary discussions of ‘realism’; furthermore, it argues that the novel establishes ‘counter-investigation’ as a para-genre the history of which leads up to the present, as recent films like Michael Haneke’s The white Ribbon (2009) show.