scholarly journals Estimation of Relative Bargaining Power in Markets for Raw Milk in the United States

2012 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Byeong-Il Ahn ◽  
Daniel A. Sumner
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Bargaining Power ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
The United States ◽  
Relative Bargaining Power

Listeria monocytogenes in Raw Milk: Detection, Incidence, and Pathogenicity

1987 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 188-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. LOVETT ◽  
D. W. FRANCIS ◽  
J. M. HUNT
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Listeria Monocytogenes ◽  
Sampling Period ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
The United States ◽  
Isolation Method ◽  
Listeria Species ◽  
Adult Mice ◽  
Listeria Ivanovii

To determine the incidence of Listeria monocytogenes in raw milk, an isolation method was evaluated and used to analyze milk from three areas of the United States. The incidence varied by area from 0% in California to 7% in Massachusetts, with an overall incidence of 4.2%. The highest incidence found in any area during a single sampling period was 12% in Massachusetts in March 1985. During that same sampling, the incidence for all Listeria species was 26%. Of the 27 L. monocytogenes strains isolated during the survey, 25 were pathogenic in adult mice. One of three Listeria ivanovii isolated was pathogenic. No other isolates demonstrated pathogenicity.

scholarly journals Labor Markets and Economic Inequality in the United States since the End of the 1970s

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 655-673 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Schmitt
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Labor Markets ◽  
Bargaining Power ◽  
The United States ◽  
International Competition ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
The Past ◽  
State And Local Government ◽  
Real Value ◽  
State And Local

By most measures, the United States is the most unequal of the world's advanced capitalist economies, and inequality has increased substantially over the past 30 years. This article documents trends in the inequality of three key economic distributions—hourly earnings, annual incomes, and net wealth—and relates these developments to changes in economic and social policy over the past three decades. The primary cause of high and rising inequality is the systematic erosion of the bargaining power of lower- and middle-income workers relative to their employers, reflected in the erosion of the real value of the minimum wage, the decline in unions, widescale deregulation of industries such as airlines and trucking, the privatization and outsourcing of many state and local government activities, increasing international competition, and periods of restrictive macroeconomic policy.

Associations between Bovine, Human, and Raw Milk, and Beef Isolates of Non-O157 Shiga Toxigenic Escherichia coli within a Restricted Geographic Area of the United States

2008 ◽  
Vol 71 (5) ◽  
pp. 1023-1027 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. N. COBBOLD ◽  
M. A. DAVIS ◽  
D. H. RICE ◽  
M. SZYMANSKI ◽  
P. I. TARR ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Geographic Area ◽  
The United States ◽  
Geographic Region ◽  
Toxin Gene ◽  
Sample Type ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Milk Samples

A survey for Shiga toxigenic Escherichia coli in raw milk and beef was conducted within a defined geographic region of the United States. Prevalence rates based on detection of Shiga toxin gene (stx) were 36% for retail beef, 23% for beef carcasses, and 21% for raw milk samples, which were significantly higher than were Shiga toxigenic E. coli isolation rates of 7.5, 5.8, and 3.2%, respectively. Seasonal prevalence differences were significant for stx positivity among ground beef and milk samples. Distribution of stx subtypes among isolates varied according to sample type, with stx1 predominating in milk, stx2 on carcasses, and the combination of both stx1 and stx2 in beef. Ancillary virulence markers eae and ehx were evident in 23 and 15% of isolates, respectively. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis demonstrated associations between food isolates and sympatric bovine fecal, and human clinical isolates. These data demonstrate that non-O157 Shiga toxigenic E. coli is present in the food chain in the Pacific Northwest, and its risk to health warrants critical assessment.

CREDIBLE COMMITMENTS AND MARRIAGE: WHEN THE HOMEMAKER GETS HER SHARE AT DIVORCE

2016 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 241-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ho-Po Crystal Wong
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Property Rights ◽  
Bargaining Power ◽  
The United States ◽  
Home Production ◽  
Credible Commitments ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Sequential Game ◽  
Divorce Laws ◽  
Level Data

Abstract:A variety of states in the United States have adopted the “homemaking provision” in their divorce laws since the 1980s. The provision requires judges to recognize homemakers’ contribution to their marriages in dividing marital properties at divorce. I model the marital decisions of couples as a sequential game, in which the potential wife’s decision in whether to marry and specialize in home production depends on whether she is legally protected by the homemaking provision, as the law would reinforce her post-divorce property rights and therefore increase her bargaining power within the marriage. I use the variation in the timing of the passage of the homemaking provision to identify its effect on marriage. I find that the provision substantially increases marriages using both state- and individual-level data.

Incidence of Streptococcus zooepidemicus Mastitis

1985 ◽  
Vol 48 (9) ◽  
pp. 751-753 ◽  
Author(s):  
LYNN S. HINCKLEY
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New Mexico ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
The United States ◽  
Streptococcus Zooepidemicus ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Mastitis Control

The first outbreak of Streptococcus zooepidemicus infection in humans in the United States occurred in 1983, when sixteen cases were reported in New Mexico. The source of infection was traced to cheese made with raw milk from cows with S. zooepidemicus mastitis. A study of the incidence of mastitis caused by S. zooepidemicus in cows on the Connecticut Mastitis Control Program was conducted for a 6-month period. Seventeen percent of the 255 herds monitored had S. zooepidemicus mastitis cases and two of these herds had large numbers of cows infected.

Detection ofCoxiella burnetiiin Commercially Available Raw Milk from the United States

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 1453-1456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda D. Loftis ◽  
Rachael A. Priestley ◽  
Robert F. Massung
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
The United States
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