A comparative look at divorce, laws and the best interests of the child after parental separation in Brazil and England

A preservação dos melhores interesses da criança/adolescente (MICA) nos casos de disputa de guarda e convivência após a separação conjugal é uma tarefa difícil para os atores jurídicos envolvidos nesses casos. Existem alguns fatores que desempenham um papel significativo nesse contexto, ao modificar e/ou moldar o processo legal e o processo de tomada de decisão. Assim, a depender da dinâmica apresentada por esses fatores, o processo de tomada de decisão pode ser mais ou menos difícil. Este artigo apresenta uma revisão narrativa de literatura que teve como objetivo trazer uma visão comparativa entre os processos legais no Brasil e na Inglaterra, bem como questões contextuais envolvidas na disputa de guarda após a separação conjugal. Nesse sentido, são discutidos entendimentos e orientações legais quanto aos MICA, assim como regulações legais relativas à relação parento-filial e divórcio nos dois países. Revela-se que questões legais e culturais podem moldar esses entendimentos e orientações, o que pode levar a diferenças significativas no processo judicial referente à guarda de crianças em ambos os países. Assim, destacam-se e se discutem diferenças culturais e jurídicas relevantes entre o common law inglês e o civil law brasileiro (e.g., concepções sobre ‘guarda’; poder familiar; arranjos de guarda; e o processo judicial em processos de guarda e convivência), as quais podem impactar o processo de tomada de decisão e os melhores interesses da criança.

Critical Review of Domestic Violence as Reason for Divorce (Comparison of Divorce Laws in Indonesia, Malaysia and the Maldives)

The phenomenon of domestic violence is on the rise every year and often puts a marriage into divorce. Divorce on the grounds of domestic violence frequently appears in the courtroom of Religious Courts in Indonesia as stipulated in Article 19 letter d PP No. 9 of 1975. It affirms that one party committing cruelty or severe persecution that endangers another party can be the legal reason for divorce. And then what about other Muslim countries? This research is library research with a descriptive-analytical method using a juridical normative approach. It found that domestic violence is accommodated as one of the reasons for divorce in family law in Indonesia, Malaysia (Negeri Sembilan, Persekutuan Pulau Pinang, Selangor dan Johor), and the Maldives. However, there are differences in granting the right for filing a divorce because of domestic violence. Divorce law in Indonesia and Malaysia enables both husband and wife to file for divorce because of domestic violence while Maldives law only enables the wife to do so. Fenomena kekerasan dalam rumah tangga selalu meningkat setiap tahunnya dan seringkali menjadi sebab perceraian. Perceraian karena kekerasan dalam rumah tangga sering muncul di ruang sidang pengadilan agama di Indonesia. Ini sebagaimana diatur dalam Pasal 19 huruf d PP No. 9 Tahun 1975 bahwa salah satu pihak yang melakukan kekejaman atau penganiayaan berat yang membahayakan pihak lain dapat menjadi alasan hukum terjadinya perceraian. Lalu bagaimana dengan di negara-negara Muslim lainnya? Penelitian ini termasuk dalam penelitian pustaka (library research) yang bersifat deskriptif analitis dengan pendekatan normatif yuridis. Dalam penelitian ini diperoleh temuan bahwa kekerasan dalam rumah tangga diakomodir sebagai alasan perceraian dalam hukum keluarga di Indonesia, Malaysia (Negeri sembilan, Persekutuan Pulau Pinang, Selangor dan Johor), maupun Maladewa. Hanya saja, terdapat perbedaan dalam hak mengajukan perceraian karena kekerasan dalam rumah tangga. Hukum perceraian di Indonesia dan Malaysia membolehkan kedua belah pihak untuk mengajukan perceraian karena kekerasan dalam rumah tangga, sementara hukum Maladewa hanya memungkinkan pihak istri.

Divorce

This chapter assesses divorce, both as a termination of a marriage and as the legal, social, and psychological reorganization of that relationship and the parent–child relationship established through the marriage. “Reorganization” is an appropriate descriptor because the divorced couple may have a continuing relationship, albeit altered by post-divorce property and child custody arrangements. Alimony and the assignment of property may continue the adult relationships, but on a level different from marriage. Likewise, the judicial award of a child's custody to one parent or another changes the relationship from what it was during marriage. Ultimately, the petition for divorce not only restricts the personal autonomy of the couple but also limits their relationship with their children at least until they reach majority. The chapter then details the American divorce laws and procedure.

The Laws of Moses and the Laws of the Emperor

This chapter focuses on marriage and divorce, which symbolizes the Galician Jewry’s failure to internalize Austrian legal and civil norms. It talks about Galician Jews that married clandestinely in accordance with Jewish law but in violation of Austrian law, causing children of such marriages that carried their mother’s last name to be considered illegitimate. It also examines how the application of Austrian marriage and divorce laws to Habsburg Jewry developed and illustrates the impact of these laws on Galician Jewry. The chapter focuses on the two division of the marriage and divorce laws: legislation that applied throughout the Habsburg empire and political laws or local ordinances that applied to Galician Jews. It talks about how the division affected the way many Galician Jews viewed the law of the land.

The Behavior of Divorce Rates: A Smooth Transition Regression Approach

We explore the behavior of the divorce rates in 17 OECD countries for the period 1960–2010. Many studies have found persistence in divorce rates after changes in divorce laws. We formulate a nonlinear model to explain the behavior of divorce rates, over time, after a large change in divorce rate, including changes in divorce laws.We argue that the stationary smooth transition regression (STR) approach is useful in analyzing divorce rates. We reject the persistence result and, in addition, provide evidence on asymmetries in divorce rates. This suggests that one should be careful when interpreting the effects of the changes in divorce rates (especially changes in the divorce and family laws) on divorce rates.

Women

This chapter discusses the Book of Women (Sefer nashim), the fourth of the fourteen books of the Mishneh torah that deals with marital relations. It includes five sections of the Book of Women: Laws of Marriage, Laws of Divorce, Laws of Levirate Marriage and H. alitsah, Laws of the Virgin Maiden, and Laws of the Wayward Wife. It also refers to Isaac Klein, who explained the contents and order of the Book of Women, implying that Maimonides adopted a logical sequence that reflected the usual situation in life where marriage comes first, followed by divorce. The chapter suggests reasons why Maimonides ended the Book of Women with laws concerning the wayward wife. It cites the Book of Commandments, where Maimonides does not count warning one's wife as 'a religious duty.'