Substance use disorders, psychiatric disorders, and mortality after release from prison: a nationwide longitudinal cohort study

ObjectivesStudies have found a ‘healthy-migrant effect’ (HME) among arriving migrants, that is, a better health status compared with others in the home country, but also in comparison with the population in the host country. The aims were to investigate whether the HME hypothesis is applicable to the Swedish context, that is, if health outcomes differed between a group of mainly labour migrants (Western migrants) and a group of mainly refugee/family reunion migrants (non-Western migrants) compared with the native Swedish population, and if there were any correlations between labour market attachment (LMA) and these health outcomes.DesignRegister-based, longitudinal cohort study.ParticipantsThe cohort was defined on 31 December 1990 and consisted of all migrants aged 18–47 years who arrived in Sweden in 1985–1990 (n=74 954) and a reference population of native Swedes (n=1 405 047) in the same age span. They were followed for three consecutive 6-year periods (1991–1996, 1997–2002 and 2003–2008) and were assessed for five measures of health: hospitalisation for cardiovascular and psychiatric disorders, mortality, disability pension, and sick leave.ResultsWestern migrants had, compared with native Swedes, lower or equal HRs for all health measures during all time periods, while non-Western migrants displayed higher or equal HRs for all health measures, except for mortality, during all time periods. Age, educational level, occupation and LMA explained part of the difference between migrants and native Swedes. High LMA was associated with higher HRs for cardiovascular disorders among Western migrants, higher HRs of psychiatric disorders among non-Western migrants and higher HRs of mortality among both migrant groups compared with native Swedes.ConclusionsThere were indications of a HME among Western migrants, while less proof of a HME among non-Western migrants. Stratification for LMA and different migrant categories showed some interesting differences, and measurements of the HME may be inconclusive if not stratified by migrant category or other relevant variables.

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Prolonged periods of waiting for an asylum decision and the risk of psychiatric diagnoses: a 22-year longitudinal cohort study from Denmark

International Journal of Epidemiology ◽

10.1093/ije/dyz091 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 49 (2) ◽

pp. 400-409 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Camilla Hvidtfeldt ◽

Jørgen Holm Petersen ◽

Marie Norredam

Keyword(s):

Mental Illness ◽

Cohort Study ◽

Psychiatric Disorders ◽

Psychotic Disorders ◽

Longitudinal Cohort Study ◽

Registration System ◽

Longitudinal Cohort ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Waiting Periods

Abstract Background The high prevalence of psychiatric disorders among resettled refugees necessitates identification of factors that reduce the risk of mental illness. In this 22-year longitudinal cohort study, we assessed whether the length of asylum-decision waiting periods is associated with resettled refugees’ risk of being diagnosed with a psychiatric disorder. Methods We used full-population data from the Danish Civil Registration System to establish a cohort of 46 104 refugees resettled in Denmark during 1995–2016. Hazard ratios (HRs) for first-time psychiatric hospital contact (ICD-10) after residence permit issuance across varying lengths of asylum-decision waiting periods were estimated by cross-linkage with the Danish National Patient Register. Results Long asylum-decision waiting periods were associated with an increased risk of psychiatric disorders. Compared with refugees who waited 0–6 months for their asylum decision, the HRs of any psychiatric diagnosis were 1.22 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.12–1.33] for those who waited 13–24 months and 1.46 (95% CI: 1.27–1.69) for those who waited 25–71 months. Associations varied across diagnoses and length of follow-up: whereas the risk of nervous disorders increased with longer asylum-decision waiting periods in the follow-ups of 0–2.9, 3–5.9 and 6–11.9 years, the risk of psychotic disorders was associated with longer asylum-decision procedures only in the 0–2.9-year follow-up. Conclusion Resettled refugees who waited longer than 1 year for an asylum decision face an increased risk of psychiatric disorders. Host countries should consider that long asylum-decision waiting periods could lead to mental illness among refugees.

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The role of perceived discrimination in substance use trajectories in Hispanic young adults: A longitudinal cohort study from high school through emerging adulthood

Addictive Behaviors ◽

10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106253 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 103 ◽

pp. 106253 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Christopher J. Rogers ◽

Myriam Forster ◽

Steven Vetrone ◽

Jennifer B. Unger

Keyword(s):

High School ◽

Substance Use ◽

Young Adults ◽

Cohort Study ◽

Emerging Adulthood ◽

Perceived Discrimination ◽

Longitudinal Cohort Study ◽

Longitudinal Cohort

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Role of parenting styles in adolescent substance use: results from a Swedish longitudinal cohort study

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008979 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. e008979 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

J Berge ◽

K Sundell ◽

A Öjehagen ◽

A Håkansson

Keyword(s):

Substance Use ◽

Cohort Study ◽

Parenting Styles ◽

Adolescent Substance Use ◽

Longitudinal Cohort Study ◽

Adolescent Substance ◽

Longitudinal Cohort

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Childhood lead exposure, childhood trauma, substance use and subclinical psychotic experiences–a longitudinal cohort study

Psychiatry Research ◽

10.1016/j.psychres.2016.02.066 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 239 ◽

pp. 54-61 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Cherrie Galletly ◽

Levina Clark ◽

Alexander McFarlane ◽

Amelia Searle ◽

Michael Sawyer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Substance Use ◽

Cohort Study ◽

Childhood Trauma ◽

Lead Exposure ◽

Longitudinal Cohort Study ◽

Psychotic Experiences ◽

Longitudinal Cohort

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Alcohol use disorders increase the risk of completed suicide — Irrespective of other psychiatric disorders. A longitudinal cohort study

Psychiatry Research ◽

10.1016/j.psychres.2008.01.008 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 167 (1-2) ◽

pp. 123-130 ◽

Cited By ~ 72

Author(s):

Trine Flensborg-Madsen ◽

Joachim Knop ◽

Erik Lykke Mortensen ◽

Ulrik Becker ◽

Leo Sher ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cohort Study ◽

Alcohol Use ◽

Psychiatric Disorders ◽

Alcohol Use Disorders ◽

Longitudinal Cohort Study ◽

Longitudinal Cohort ◽

Completed Suicide

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Securing Participant Engagement in Longitudinal Substance Use Disorder Recovery Research: A Qualitative Exploration of Key Retention Factors

Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation and Mental Health ◽

10.1007/s40737-021-00222-y ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Thomas Solgaard Svendsen ◽

Marius Veseth ◽

James R. McKay ◽

Jone Bjornestad ◽

Aleksander Hagen Erga ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Substance Use ◽

Cohort Study ◽

Substance Use Disorder ◽

Longitudinal Cohort Study ◽

Longitudinal Cohort ◽

Retention Factors ◽

Recovery Processes ◽

Long Term Follow Up

Abstract The longitudinal cohort study is the gold standard in observational epidemiology. A central challenge with this design is the risk of attrition over time, especially in studies of inaccessible clinical populations, such as individuals with substance use disorder (SUD). Research on individuals who have achieved stable substance use abstinence and functional recovery is scarce. 30 participants from a longitudinal cohort study (the Stayer study), were interviewed concerning their experiences of participation over several years to explore retention factors. Interviewers with first-hand experience of recovery from SUD conducted the interviews. Data were analyzed using a thematic analytic approach within an interpretative–phenomenological framework. The analyses yielded the following themes: (1) Individuals’ substance use: adaptation to slips and relapses in treatment and research, (2) “Show that you care”: Developing working relationships in research with study participants by negotiating expectations flexibly, and (3) “You don’t just make dropouts”: A long-term focus on study participation and treatment can increase retention. Several factors were perceived as relevant to participation in a long-term follow-up study with diverse recovery routes, including working research relationships and explicit contracts allowing follow-up participation, even during periods of drug use. Longitudinal studies could benefit from including such factors in the tracking procedures in addition to more traditional tracking techniques. Clinical services could benefit from developing interventions that use knowledge of long-term recovery processes as non-linear, heterogeneous trajectories, and proactive approaches to motivate recovery.

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