Paid and Unpaid Labor: Pregnancy and Surrogacy in Anthropological Studies of Reproduction

2019 ◽  
pp. 580-602
Author(s):  
Tsipy Ivry ◽  
Elly Teman
Keyword(s):  
Unpaid Labor

scholarly journals The role of unpaid domestic work in explaining the gender gap in the (monetary) value of leisure

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simona Jokubauskaitė ◽  
Reinhard Hössinger ◽  
Sergio Jara-Díaz ◽  
Stefanie Peer ◽  
Alyssa Schneebaum ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Travel Time ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Time Use ◽  
Public Transport ◽  
Domestic Work ◽  
Online Data ◽  
Wage Rates ◽  
Novel Treatment ◽  
Unpaid Labor ◽  
Travel Time Savings

AbstractThe value of travel time savings (VTTS) representing the willingness to pay to reduce travel time, consists of two components: the value of liberating time [equal to the value of leisure (VoL)] and the value of time assigned to travel (VTAT), representing the travel conditions of a trip. Their relative values indicate which dimension to emphasize when investing in transport: speed or comfort. In this paper, we formulate and estimate a framework aimed at the improvement in the estimation of the VoL. By introducing a novel treatment of time assigned to domestic work, we consider that unpaid labor should be assigned a wage rate as a measure of the expenses avoided when assigning time to those chores. We use state-of-the-art data on time use and expenses as well as online data on gig workers collected in Austria, and apply the time-use and expenditure model of Jara-Diaz et al. (Transp Res Part B 42(10):946–957, 2008). The wage rates for paid and unpaid work were combined to re-formulate the budget constraint, which affected women more than men due to the higher involvement of the former in domestic activities. Compared against the original estimation, the VoL changed from €10/h for men and €6/h for women to €9/h for both genders, which in turn yields a larger average VTAT, which becomes positive for public transport. As a conclusion, the novel treatment of domestic labor contributes to closing the gap in the VoL between genders and highlights the power of unveiling the components behind the VTTS. The empirical findings imply that investments in travel time reductions rather than in comfort should be prioritized, given the very good conditions of public transport in Austria.

Gender and Legitimacy in Personal Service Occupations: The Case of End-of-Life Doulas and Death Midwives

2021 ◽  
pp. 089124162110489
Author(s):  
Ara A. Francis
Keyword(s):  
Middle Class ◽  
End Of Life ◽  
Occupational Identity ◽  
Paid Work ◽  
Personal Service ◽  
Unpaid Labor ◽  
Marginalized Women ◽  
Service Jobs ◽  
The Relationship

The emerging occupations of end-of-life doula and death midwife are part of a growing sector of personal service jobs. Designed to support, educate, and empower dying people and their loved ones, these new roles entail both the commodification of women’s unpaid labor and a repositioning of the paid work typically done by marginalized women. This study examines the identity talk of 19 occupational pioneers and focuses on the relationship between gender, class, race, and efforts to secure occupational legitimacy. Findings suggest that, in an effort to mitigate tensions stemming from the professionalization of feminized work, these pioneers strategically embrace a feminine occupational identity in ways that code their labor as White and middle class.

“It’s Hard Work”: A Feminist Political Economy Approach to Reconceptualizing “Work” in the Cancer Context

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 758-773 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheryl Pritlove ◽  
Parissa Safai ◽  
Jan E. Angus ◽  
Pat Armstrong ◽  
Jennifer M. Jones ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Identity Work ◽  
Work Identity ◽  
Invisible Work ◽  
Paid Employment ◽  
Unpaid Labor ◽  
Everyday Work ◽  
Coordination Work ◽  
Living With Cancer ◽  
Political Economy Approach

Within mainstream cancer literature, policy documents, and clinical practice, “work” is typically characterized as being synonymous with paid employment, and the problem of work is situated within the “return to work” discourse. The work that patients perform in managing their health, care, and everyday life at times of illness, however, is largely overlooked and unsupported. Drawing on feminist political economy theory, we report on a qualitative study of 12 women living with cancer. Major findings show that the work of patienthood cut across multiple fields of practice and included both paid and unpaid labor. The most prevalent types of work included illness work, body work, identity work, everyday work, paid employment and/or the work of maintaining income, and coordination work. The findings of this study disrupt popular conceptualizations of work and illuminate the nuanced and often invisible work that cancer patients may encounter, and the health consequences and inequities therein.

A Fine Southern Plantation

2020 ◽  
pp. 60-101
Author(s):  
Robert T. Chase
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Jim Crow ◽  
Slave Labor ◽  
Prison Labor ◽  
Racial Hierarchy ◽  
Unpaid Labor ◽  
Labor Division ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Sexual Power ◽  
New System

The second chapter offers an analysis of how the reforms refashioned prison labor as the new tool of disciplinary control and racial hierarchy within a Jim Crow framework. When this new system was fully operational in the 1960s, Texas garnered plaudits as a pioneering, modern, efficient, and business-oriented enterprise as a modernization narrative. What fuelled the modernization narrative, however, was coerced field labor and a regime of labor division that prioritized prisoners through gender, racial, and sexual power. By moving beyond control penology’s external modernization narrative and dissecting how prison labor disciplined, ordered, and controlled every aspect of southern incarceration, this chapter shows how incarceration on the Texas prison plantation rendered Black, Brown, and even white bodies as slave labor where the state relegated prisoners to coerced and entirely unpaid labor, daily acts of bodily degradation, and the perpetual denial of civil and human rights. As an analysis of prison labor as carceral power, chapter two also analyzes how prisoners carved out hidden transcripts of resistance and survival that constructed a dissident culture and infrapolitics to trouble the southern modernization narrative.

Predictors of parental leave support: Bad news for (big) dads and a policy for equality

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 810-830
Author(s):  
Jamie L. Gloor ◽  
Xinxin Li ◽  
Rebecca M. Puhl
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Policy Design ◽  
Parental Leave ◽  
Managerial Discretion ◽  
Bad News ◽  
Unpaid Labor ◽  
Leave Policy ◽  
Employee Characteristics ◽  
Variable Support

Parenthood increases gender inequality in paid (employment) and unpaid labor (e.g., caretaking). New parental leave plans aim to increase gender equality by reducing managerial discretion and offering gender-neutral benefits. However, coworkers may undermine these inclusive aims, particularly if they show variable support per employee characteristics. Thus, we examine why and how employee gender and obesity interactively predict coworkers’ support for parental leave and test an intervention to increase equality. Three between-subjects experiments with working American adults ( Ns = 133–252) indicate that obesity decreases coworkers’ parental leave support for men, but increases coworkers’ parental leave support for women; these effects are replicated and mediated by coworkers’ caregiving ability expectations of the employees, inequalities that are reduced when parental leave is made the default. Discussion focuses on our results’ implications for theory, practice, and for men and women’s paid and unpaid labor, including recommendations for parental leave policy design and delivery to increase equality.

The Society of American Indians

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Tsianina Lomawaima
Keyword(s):  
American Indian ◽  
American Indians ◽  
Financial Capital ◽  
Financial Resources ◽  
Legal Assistance ◽  
Monetary Compensation ◽  
Unpaid Labor ◽  
Indian Nations ◽  
Unrealistic Expectations ◽  
The U.S

In 1911, a group of American Indian intellectuals organized what would become known as the Society of American Indians, or SAI. SAI members convened in annual meetings between 1911 and 1923, and for much of that period the Society’s executive offices were a hub for political advocacy, lobbying Congress and the Office of Indian Affairs (OIA), publishing a journal, offering legal assistance to Native individuals and tribes, and maintaining an impressively voluminous correspondence across the country with American Indians, “Friends of the Indian” reformers, political allies, and staunch critics. Notable Native activists, clergy, entertainers, professionals, speakers, and writers—as well as Native representatives from on- and off-reservation communities—were active in the Society. They worked tirelessly to meet daunting, unrealistic expectations, principally to deliver a unified voice of Indian “public opinion” and to pursue controversial political goals without appearing too radical, especially obtaining U.S. citizenship for Indian individuals and allowing Indian nations to access the U.S. Court of Claims. They maintained their myriad activities with scant financial resources solely through the unpaid labor of dedicated Native volunteers. By 1923, the challenges exhausted the Society’s substantial human and miniscule financial capital. The Native “soul of unity” demanded by non-white spectators and hoped for by SAI leaders could no longer hold the center, and the SAI dissolved. Their work was not in vain, but citizenship and the ability to file claims materialized in circumscribed forms. In 1924 Congress passed the Indian Citizenship Act, granting birthright citizenship to American Indians, but citizenship for Indians was deemed compatible with continued wardship status. In 1946 Congress established an Indian Claims Commission, not a court, and successful claims could only result in monetary compensation, not regained lands.

The Commodification of Online Cooperation

2020 ◽  
pp. 40-49
Author(s):  
Joshua Sperber
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Unpaid Labor

The story of the consumer's involvement in the sphere of production is not new, as consumers have been providing unpaid labor to and otherwise subsidizing capitalism since at least the mid–twentieth century. Yet, as the economy has evolved so too have the scope and complexity of consumer work.

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