Mechanism-based toxicity studies for drug development

Author(s):  
Monicah A. Otieno ◽  
Lois D. Lehman-McKeeman
1997 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 239-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Parkinson ◽  
Kate E Thomas ◽  
Cyndy E Lumley

1 The potential for toxicity to reproduction and the developing fetus is an important concern requiring attention during the development of new medicines. However, there are differences in the opinions of the regulatory authorities in Europe, Japan and the USA regarding the nature and amount of data from reproductive toxicity tests that should be available at the various stages of clinical development. 2 Forty-one companies or their subsidiaries from Eur ope, Japan and the USA provided data for a ques tionnaire-based study, carried out in 1994, to ascertain the practices of pharmaceutical companies and their views on an ideal approach to the timing of reproduc tion and development toxicity studies in relation to clinical investigation. 3 Differences were identified in the stage of drug development at which animal studies were completed, the sequence of completion of specific studies, and the extent of reproduction testing completed to support the inclusion of women in clinical trials. 4 A harmonised, but flexible, guideline, encompassing the timing of reproductive toxicity studies in relation to clinical trials, would permit better integration between clinical and non-clinical studies in an international drug development programme.


2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 714-725
Author(s):  
Bhawna Chopra ◽  
Ashwani K. Dhingra ◽  
Deo N. Prasad

Background: Piperine, a bioactive alkaloid was a well-known component which was used traditionally to treat a variety of disorders. Objective: The present review is to discuss the modified piperine or piperic acid analogs or its derivatives to explore the potential of piperine. Piperine or piperic acid had potentials as antibacterial, antitumor, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, immunomodulatory and many more for drug development. So modification in natural molecule piperine generates numerous derivatives or analogues which may be found beneficial in drug development. Methods: A literature survey has been carried out to determine the real potential of piperine and its modified analogs. Results: It has been scrutinized that piperine and its derivatives possess valuable components with good therapeutic potential. Conclusion: Thus, this review aims to provide knowledge as well as to explore the excellent potential of piperine, piperic acid, piperine derived compounds/ analogs which may further, after performing toxicity studies, and other parameters, be helpful in the design and development of novel drug candidates against numerous disease conditions and thus it paves way for further work in exploring the potential to treat the patients with obesity and skin related disorders.


Toxicology ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 231 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 96-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
S ROBINSON ◽  
D OCKERT ◽  
P STEI ◽  
D DREHER ◽  
K SOMERS ◽  
...  

2007 ◽  
Vol 172 ◽  
pp. S235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sally Robinson ◽  
Vicente Nogués ◽  
Deborah Ockert ◽  
Peter Stei ◽  
David Dreher ◽  
...  

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (19) ◽  
pp. 10214
Author(s):  
Sarah Kammerer

Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is the major reason for failures in drug development and withdrawal of approved drugs from the market. Two-dimensional cultures of hepatocytes often fail to reliably predict DILI: hepatoma cell lines such as HepG2 do not reflect important primary-like hepatic properties and primary human hepatocytes (pHHs) dedifferentiate quickly in vitro and are, therefore, not suitable for long-term toxicity studies. More predictive liver in vitro models are urgently required in drug development and compound safety evaluation. This review discusses available human hepatic cell types for in vitro toxicology analysis and their usage in established and emerging three-dimensional (3D) culture systems. Generally, 3D cultures maintain or improve primary hepatic functions (including expression of drug-metabolizing enzymes) of different liver cells for several weeks of culture, thus allowing long-term and repeated-dose toxicity studies. Spheroid cultures of pHHs have been comprehensively tested, but also other cell types such as HepaRG benefit from 3D culture systems. Emerging 3D culture techniques include usage of induced pluripotent stem-cell-derived hepatocytes and primary-like upcyte cells, as well as advanced culture techniques such as microfluidic liver-on-a-chip models. In-depth characterization of existing and emerging 3D hepatocyte technologies is indispensable for successful implementation of such systems in toxicological analysis.


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