Polymer in Pharmaceutical Drug Delivery System

The current review article focuses on polymers in pharmaceutical drug delivery of therapeutic agents. These dosage forms include tablets, patches, tapes, films, semisolids and powders. Polymers are the backbone of a pharmaceutical drug delivery system as they control the release of the drug from the device. Biodegradable polymers attracts the attention of its use as they can be degraded to non‐toxic monomers and most important, a constant rate of drug release can be achieved from a biodegradable polymer based controlled release device. Natural polymers can be used as the means of achieving predetermined rates of drug delivery and their physico‐chemical characteristics with the ease of availability provide a platform to use it as a polymer for drug delivery systems. Biodegradable polymers have been widely used in biomedical applications because of their known biocompatibility and biodegradability. In the biomedical area, polymers are generally used as implants and are expected to perform long term service. These improvements contribute to make medical treatment more efficient and to minimize side effects and other types of inconveniences for patients. The main role of polymer is to protect drug from physiological environment and prolong release of drug to improve its stability. The drug is release from polymer by diffusion, degradation and swelling. In addition to this review presents characteristics and behaviours of plant derived and mucoadhesive polymers which are currently used in drug delivery.

From Lock-In to Transformation: A Path-Centric Theory of Emerging Technology an Organizing

We offer a path-centric theory of emerging technology and organizing that addresses a basic question. When does emerging technology lead to transformative change? A path-centric perspective on technology focuses on the patterns of actions afforded by technology in use. We identify performing and patterning as self-reinforcing mechanisms that shape patterns of action in the domain of emerging technology and organizing. We use a dynamic simulation to show that performing and patterning can lead to a wide range of trajectories, from lock-in to transformation, depending on how emerging technology in use influences the pattern of action. When emerging technologies afford new actions that can be flexibly recombined to generate new paths, decisive transformative effects are more likely. By themselves, new affordances are not likely to generate transformation. We illustrate this theory with examples from the practice of pharmaceutical drug discovery. The path-centric perspective offers a new way to think about generativity and the role of affordances in organizing.

Pharmaceutical drug two-warehouse inventory model under FIFO dispatching policy using ant colony optimization for travelling salesman problem

In this paper a deterministic Pharmaceutical drug inventory model for deteriorating items with two level of storage system and time dependent demand with partial backlogged shortages is developed. Stock is transferred RW to OW under bulk release pattern and the transportation cost is taken to be negligibleUnder FIFO dispatching policy Using Ant Colony Optimization for travelling salesman problem. The deterioration rates in both the warehouses are constant but different due to the different preservation proceduresUnder FIFO dispatching policy Using Ant Colony Optimization for travelling salesman problem. Holding cost is considered to be constant up to a definite time and is increases. Ant Colony Optimization for travelling salesman problemwith varying population size is used to solve the model. In this Ant Colony Optimization for travelling salesman problem a subset of better children is included with the parent population for next generation and size of this subset is a percentage of the size of its parent set.The numerical example is presented to demonstrate the development of mode land to validate it. Sensitivity analysis is performed separately for each parameter and Ant Colony Optimization for travelling salesman problem.

Total synthesis of the isoquinolinium metabolite ETM-204 of Trabectidin

Ecteinascidin-743 (Trabectidin, Trabectedin®, Yondelis®) is a synthetically obtained pharmaceutical drug originally isolated from a marine tunicate. Trabectedin is used for the chemotherapy of soft-tissue sarcoma and ovarian cancer. The isoquinolinium metabolite ETM-204 has been found in biotransformation and degradation studies of Trabectedin. We report the first total synthesis of ETM-204 and its full spectroscopic characterization confirming the postulated structure. Central elements of the 12-step synthesis starting from 2-methyl-6-nitrophenol are a Cu-mediated conversion of an iodoarene to a phenol, a Skattebøl-formylation, and a modified Pomeranz–Fritsch cyclization to assemble the isoquinoline ring. The pH-dependence of its visual absorbance could be clarified. Graphic abstract