scholarly journals LO082: EMS response to police use of force events: periods of personal and professional risk in prehospital care

CJEM ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (S1) ◽  
pp. S58-S58
Author(s):  
C.A. Hall ◽  
K. Votova ◽  
G. Randhawa ◽  
D. Andrusiek ◽  
A. Carter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emotionally Disturbed ◽  
Prehospital Care ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Use Of Force ◽  
Police Use Of Force ◽  
Police Report ◽  
Physical Risk ◽  
Standardized Reporting ◽  
Police Interactions ◽  
Case Number

Introduction: This study provides an estimate of the number of EMS calls related to police use of force events that involve struggling, intoxicated and/or emotionally distressed patients. We hypothesized there would be under-reporting of EMS risk by paramedic agencies due to lack of standardized reporting of police events by EMS services and lack of a common linked case number between prehospital agencies in Canada. Methods: Data were collected during a multi-site, prospective, consecutive cohort study of police use of force in 4 Canadian cities using standardized data forms. Use of force was defined a priori and the application of handcuffs was not considered a force modality. Inclusion criteria: all subjects ≥ 18 years of age involved in a use of force police-public encounter. We defined risk to EMS as the presence of police- and/or paramedic- assessments of violent or struggling subjects on the scene. Three separate data forms (police-report of use of force, EMS encounter, and Emergency Department (ED) visit) were linked in the study by unique ID. When police-reported EMS was activated, investigators hand searched the EMS service reports at the relevant agencies for matching call sheets. Results: From Jan 2010 to Dec 2012, we studied 3310 consecutive public-police interactions involving use of force above simple joint lock application. Subjects were male (86%) with a mean age of 33 yrs; 85% were assessed by police as emotionally disturbed, intoxicated with drugs and/or alcohol or a combination of those. 45% were violent at the scene. Police-reported EMS attendance in 24% (809/3310) of use of force events, of which only 43% (349/809) of EMS run sheets were available. In events with violent subjects, EMS transported 51% to ED compared to 35% by police transport (chi=79.7, p=0.00). Conclusion: We identified periods of professional and physical risk to paramedics attending police use of force events and found that risk significantly underrepresented in EMS data. Paramedical training would benefit from policy and procedures for response to police calls and the violent patient, the majority of whom are struggling. A common linked case number in prehospital care would enable more specific quantification of the risk for EMS providers involved in police events.

scholarly journals Procedural justice training reduces police use of force and complaints against officers

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (18) ◽  
pp. 9815-9821 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Wood ◽  
Tom R. Tyler ◽  
Andrew V. Papachristos
Keyword(s):  
Procedural Justice ◽  
Training Program ◽  
Public Safety ◽  
Use Of Force ◽  
Command And Control ◽  
Police Use Of Force ◽  
Police Interactions ◽  
And Control

Existing research shows that distrust of the police is widespread and consequential for public safety. However, there is a shortage of interventions that demonstrably reduce negative police interactions with the communities they serve. A training program in Chicago attempted to encourage 8,480 officers to adopt procedural justice policing strategies. These strategies emphasize respect, neutrality, and transparency in the exercise of authority, while providing opportunities for civilians to explain their side of events. We find that training reduced complaints against the police by 10.0% and reduced the use of force against civilians by 6.4% over 2 y. These findings affirm the feasibility of changing the command and control style of policing which has been associated with popular distrust and the use of force, through a broad training program built around the concept of procedurally just policing.

Attitudes as predictors of police use of force

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brandon D. Riley ◽  
Donna M. Desforges
Keyword(s):  
Use Of Force ◽  
Police Use Of Force

scholarly journals The Structure and Delivery of Police Use of Force Training: A German Case Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario S. Staller ◽  
Swen Koerner ◽  
Valentina Heil ◽  
Isabel Klemmer ◽  
Andrew Abraham ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Police Officers ◽  
Use Of Force ◽  
Police Training ◽  
Time On Task ◽  
Police Use Of Force ◽  
Training Time ◽  
Study Approach ◽  
Constructive Alignment ◽  
Action Capabilities

AbstractThe current study aims to investigate the current structure and delivery of police recruit training. Using a case study approach, we systematically observed a semester of police training that consisted of 30 h with a specific focus on police use of force training. Field notes and time-on-task data was analysed using an inductive approach. The results revealed, first, a lack of constructive alignment of the training modules and learning tasks within the training settings. Second, an adherence to traditional linear approaches to training resulting in high amounts of augmented instruction and feedback and a one-size-fits all approach to technical and tactical behaviour. Third, a non-efficient use of available training time with low amounts of engagement in representatively designed tasks that stimulated problem-solving processes. Based on these results we suggest that there is a need: (a) for police trainers and curriculum designers to align the objectives, practice structure and delivery of police training with the needs of police officers in the field (e.g. conflict resolution); (b) for police trainers to employ more learner-centred pedagogical approaches that account for individual action capabilities and resources, and allow for high amounts of training time with representatively designed training tasks; and (c) for senior managers of overall police training decision-makers to provide the necessary trainer education, in order to furnish trainers with the knowledge and tools to appropriately plan, deliver and reflect upon their practice in keeping with concept of constructive alignment.

The malleability of attitudes toward the police: immediate effects of the viewing of police use of force videos

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 366-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rémi Boivin ◽  
Annie Gendron ◽  
Camille Faubert ◽  
Bruno Poulin
Keyword(s):  
Use Of Force ◽  
Police Use Of Force ◽  
Attitudes Toward The Police

Challenging the Ordinality of Police Use-of-Force Policy

2021 ◽  
pp. 088740342110383
Author(s):  
Scott M. Mourtgos ◽  
Ian T. Adams ◽  
Samuel R. Baty
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Use Of Force ◽  
Police Department ◽  
The United States ◽  
Physical Force ◽  
Police Use Of Force ◽  
Lethal Force ◽  
Police Agencies ◽  
Municipal Police ◽  
Force Data

Most use-of-force policies utilized by U.S. police agencies make fundamental ordinal assumptions about officers’ force responses to subject resistance. These policies consist of varying levels of force and resistance along an ordinally ranked continuum of severity. We empirically tested the ordinal assumptions that are ubiquitous to police use-of-force continua within the United States using 1 year’s use-of-force data from a municipal police department. Applying a quantitative technique known as categorical regression with optimal scaling, we found the assumptions of ordinality within the studied department’s use-of-force continuum (which is similar to many police use-of-force continua within the United States) are not met. Specifying physical force as a “lower” force option than less-lethal tools is associated with increased officer injury and decreased subject injury. Our findings call into question use-of-force continua featuring ordinal rankings for varying categories of less-lethal force.

Reconciling Results on Racial Differences in Police Shootings

2018 ◽  
Vol 108 ◽  
pp. 228-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roland G. Fryer
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Racial Differences ◽  
Use Of Force ◽  
First Century ◽  
Police Brutality ◽  
Investigative Journalism ◽  
Police Use Of Force ◽  
Lethal Force ◽  
The Social

Police use of force, particularly lethal force, is one of the most divisive issues of the twenty-first century. To understand the nexus of race, criminal justice, and police brutality, academics and journalists have begun to amass impressive datasets on officer-involved-shootings (OIS). I compare the data and methods of three investigative journalism articles and two publications in the social sciences on a set of five rubrics and conclude that the stark differences between their findings are due to differences in what qualifies for a valid research design and not underlying differences in the datasets.

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