The Russian prefix pod- from the viewpoint of lexical concepts

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 462-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOHANNA VIIMARANTA
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Representation ◽  
Dynamic Process ◽  
Conceptual Models ◽  
Word Meaning ◽  
Vertical Movement ◽  
Cognitive Models ◽  
Linguistic Knowledge ◽  
Lexical Concepts ◽  
Permanent Property ◽  
National Corpus

abstractThe Russian prefix pod- has several meanings, both concrete ones having to do with approaching or being under or down, and a series of seemingly unrelated abstract meanings such as imitating, ingratiating, or doing in secret. This paper approaches the polysemy of pod- from the viewpoint of the Theory of Lexical Concepts and Conceptual Models (LCCM) that sees word meaning not as a permanent property of words, but as a dynamic process in which context and accessed non-linguistic knowledge representation play an important role. This approach uses the notion of lexical concepts to describe the mediating unit between concrete linguistic examples and cognitive models that these examples are connected to. The 505 verbs analyzed bring up the lexical concepts [UNDER], [VERTICAL MOVEMENT], [CLOSE], and [CONTACT]. The connection of these lexical concepts with certain metaphorical and metonymical models is also discussed. Twelve of the 505 verbs are examined more closely in different contexts with the help of twenty-nine illustrative examples from the spoken corpus of the Russian National Corpus.

Prediction error boosts retention of novel words in adults but not in children

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiara Gambi ◽  
Martin John Pickering ◽  
Hugh Rabagliati
Keyword(s):  
Prediction Error ◽  
Word Meaning ◽  
Linguistic Knowledge ◽  
Novel Object ◽  
Memory Traces ◽  
Prior Expectation ◽  
Adults And Children ◽  
Novel Words

How do we update our linguistic knowledge? In seven experiments, we asked whether error-driven learning can explain under what circumstances adults and children are more likely to store and retain a new word meaning. Participants were exposed to novel object labels in the context of more or less constraining sentences or visual contexts. Both two-to-four-year-olds (Mage = 38 months) and adults were strongly affected by expectations based on sentence constraint when choosing the referent of a new label. In addition, adults formed stronger memory traces for novel words that violated a stronger prior expectation. However, preschoolers’ memory was unaffected by the strength of their prior expectations. We conclude that the encoding of new word-object associations in memory is affected by prediction error in adults, but not in preschoolers.

Topological Semiotic Knowledge Representation

2018 ◽  
pp. 45-78
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Representation ◽  
Cognitive Models ◽  
Topological Model ◽  
Network Structures ◽  
Conceptual Blending ◽  
Cortical Level ◽  
Structural Relations ◽  
Relational Network

This chapter describes cognitive models that organize implicit symbols into meaningful relational network structures. With an understanding of implicit symbols, there is evidence that informational processes on the cortical level can create and maintain multileveled hierarchically nested graphs and diagram – like structures. This topological model reflects hierarchically ordered knowledge of world structure and processes. Suggested models reflect systems, and they have structural relations embedded in the model. Ability to generate on fly new meaningful graphs and diagrams allows for modeling phenomena of intelligence like analogies, conceptual blending, and many others.

Semantic and Formal Representation of Cognitive Models for the Metacognitive Architecture CARINA

2021 ◽  
pp. 54-72
Author(s):  
Alba J. Jerónimo ◽  
María P. Barrera ◽  
Manuel F. Caro ◽  
Adán A. Gómez
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Representation ◽  
Semantic Memory ◽  
Cognitive Model ◽  
Semantic Knowledge ◽  
Cognitive Models ◽  
Formal Representation ◽  
Object Properties ◽  
Internal Information ◽  
Processing Mechanisms ◽  
The Brain

A cognitive model is a computational model of internal information processing mechanisms of the brain for the purposes of comprehension and prediction. CARINA metacognitive architecture runs cognitive models. However, CARINA does not currently have mechanisms to store and learn from cognitive models executed in the past. Semantic knowledge representation is a field of study which concentrates on using formal symbols to a collection of propositions, objects, object properties, and relations among objects. In CARINA Beliefs are a form of represent the semantic knowledge. The aim of this chapter is to formally describe a CARINA-based cognitive model through of denotational mathematics and to represent these models using a technique of semantic knowledge representation called beliefs. All the knowledge received by CARINA is stored in the semantic memory in the form of beliefs. Thus, a cognitive model represented through beliefs will be ready to be stored in semantic memory of the metacognitive architecture CARINA. Finally, an illustrative example is presented.

FIXED PHRASE SCHEME AS A SPECIAL LINGUISTIC KNOWLEDGE FORMAT

2020 ◽  
pp. 43-55
Author(s):  
V.Y. Melikyan ◽  
◽  
A.V. Melikyan ◽  
V.V. Posidelova ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Representation ◽  
Linguistic Knowledge ◽  
Language Level ◽  
Grammatical Variation ◽  
Limited Possibility ◽  
Ontological Aspect ◽  
Logical Semantic

The article focuses on the theoretical and practical aspects of logical-semantic and grammatical-communicative division of the fixed phrase scheme structure. The authors argue that a fixed phrase scheme is dominated by a plan of content over the plan of expression, and therefore generally the gnoseological aspect prevails. The syntactic construction phraseologization expands its possibilities in cognitive and communicative aspects: the number of represented typical objective situations, typical sentence meanings, types of relations, and therefore systems of relations between minimal segments of thought increases. At the same time, the orientation of relations between minimal segments of thought becomes stable, which is due to the limited possibility of a fixed phrase scheme in terms of grammatical variation. The phraseologization degree determines the cognitive and communicative parameters of the fixed phrase scheme: the higher the phraseologization degree, the more significant is the influence of the gnoseological aspect; the lower, the more the influence of the ontological aspect is manifested. The phraseologization phenomenon determines the representation possibility of a wider knowledge format that the fixed phrase scheme possesses in comparison with a free syntactic construction. Thus, in the fixed phrase scheme sphere, there is a different correlation between the linguistic knowledge format and the form of this knowledge representation at the language level. All this allows us to consider the fixed phrase scheme as a particular format of linguistic knowledge.

scholarly journals A Cognitive Linguistics Study of the Conceptual Derivation of Word Meaning

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raghad Fahmi Aajami
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Language Learners ◽  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
English Language ◽  
Second Language Learners ◽  
Word Meaning ◽  
New Horizons ◽  
New Vision ◽  
The University ◽  
Lexical Concepts

To maintain understanding, usage, and interrelations of English vocabularies by Iraqi second language learners (L2) is a challenging mission. In the current study, the cognitive linguistic theory of domains by Langacker (1987) is adopted to provide new horizons in learning vocabulary and qualify Iraqi students with a deep knowledge analysis of the meanings of lexical concepts. This paper aims to test the validity of expanding the English language vocabulary for second language learners from Iraq through domains theory. It also attempts to find how the domains theory supports L2 learners in identifying meanings related to lexical concepts. Accordingly, an experimental study is conducted on fifty-eight university students of the second year level from the University of Baghdad, Iraq. The pre and post-tests are analyzed by using the Editor for the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The results show the following: First, a progression of more than (0.05≤) is discovered in terms of students' understanding of the interrelationships between lexical concepts. Second, a new vision is dealt with to connect lexical concepts with their meanings according to the focus of the speakers using Langacker's theory. Third, domains theory (profile/ base organization, active zone, and the perceptual basis for knowledge representation) has proven effective in expanding Iraqi students' treatment and perception of semantic domains of English lexical concepts precisely.

Homicide-Suicide

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Hillbrand
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Conceptual Models ◽  
Violent Offenders ◽  
Cognitive Models ◽  
Mass Murder ◽  
Media Attention ◽  
Current State ◽  
The Us ◽  
Spousal Homicide

Homicide-suicide entails a homicide followed by the perpetrator’s suicide within one week. The incidence of homicide-suicide in the US was 0.23% per 100,000 in 2013 (about 5% of all US homicides). In Western Europe and other low violence countries, such as Japan, homicide-suicides make up a much higher proportion of all homicides. Subtypes are filicidal, spousal (including jealous and declining health subtypes), familial, and extrafamilial homicide-suicide. Spousal homicide-suicides are the most common, yet extrafamilial homicide-suicides receive the most media attention, despite their rarity. Related phenomena include mass murder, victim-precipitated suicide (“suicide by cop”), politically motivated homicide-suicide, and suicide in violent offenders. We review several conceptual models of the etiology of homicide-suicide, namely developmental, dynamic, biological, and cognitive models, and draw implications from the current state of knowledge about homicide-suicide.

Alternative Ways for Knowledge Collection, Indexing and Robust Language Retrieval

1998 ◽  
Vol 37 (04/05) ◽  
pp. 315-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Lovis ◽  
A.-M. Rassinoux ◽  
J.-R. Scherrer ◽  
R. H. Baud
Keyword(s):  
Natural Language Processing ◽  
Knowledge Representation ◽  
Natural Language ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Linguistic Knowledge ◽  
Recent Experience ◽  
Medical Texts ◽  
Natural Components

AbstractDefinitions are provided of the key entities in knowledge representation for Natural Language Processing (NLP). Starting from the words, which are the natural components of any sentence, both the role of expressions and the decomposition of words into their parts are emphasized. This leads to the notion of concepts, which are either primitive or composite depending on the model where they are created. The problem of finding the most adequate degree of granularity for a concept is studied. From this reflection on basic Natural Language Processing components, four categories of linguistic knowledge are recognized, that are considered to be the building blocks of a Medical Linguistic Knowledge Base (MLKB). Following on the tracks of a recent experience in building a natural language-based patient encoding browser, a robust method for conceptual indexing and query of medical texts is presented with particular attention to the scheme of knowledge representation.

scholarly journals A Cognitive Linguistics Study of the Conceptual Derivation of Word Meaning

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 223-235
Author(s):  
Raghad Fahmi Aajami
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Language Learners ◽  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
English Language ◽  
Second Language Learners ◽  
Word Meaning ◽  
New Horizons ◽  
New Vision ◽  
The University ◽  
Lexical Concepts

To maintain understanding, usage, and interrelations of English vocabularies by Iraqi second language learners (L2) is a challenging mission. In the current study, the cognitive linguistic theory of domains by Langacker (1987) is adopted to provide new horizons in learning vocabulary and qualify Iraqi students with a deep knowledge analysis of the meanings of lexical concepts. This paper aims to test the validity of expanding the English language vocabulary for second language learners from Iraq through domains theory. It also attempts to find how the domains theory supports L2 learners in identifying meanings related to lexical concepts. Accordingly, an experimental study is conducted on fifty-eight university students of the second year level from the University of Baghdad, Iraq. The pre and post-tests are analyzed by using the Editor for the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The results show the following: First, a progression of more than (0.05≤) is discovered in terms of students' understanding of the interrelationships between lexical concepts. Second, a new vision is dealt with to connect lexical concepts with their meanings according to the focus of the speakers using Langacker's theory. Third, domains theory (profile/ base organization, active zone, and the perceptual basis for knowledge representation) has proven effective in expanding Iraqi students' treatment and perception of semantic domains of English lexical concepts precisely.

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