scholarly journals Increases in theta CSD power and coherence during a calibrated stop-signal task: implications for goal-conflict processing and the Behavioural Inhibition System

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas S. Lockhart ◽  
Roger A. Moore ◽  
Kim A. Bard ◽  
Lorenzo D. Stafford
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Trait Anxiety ◽  
Current Source ◽  
Stop Signal ◽  
Goal Conflict ◽  
Stop Signal Task ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Behavioural Inhibition ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Behavioural Inhibition System

Abstract Psychologists have identified multiple different forms of conflict, such as information processing conflict and goal conflict. As such, there is a need to examine the similarities and differences in neurology between each form of conflict. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive electroencephalogram (EEG) analysis of Shadli, Glue, McIntosh, and McNaughton’s calibrated stop-signal task (SST) goal-conflict task. Specifically, we examined changes in scalp-wide current source density (CSD) power and coherence across a wide range of frequency bands during the calibrated SST (n = 34). We assessed differences in EEG between the high and low goal-conflict conditions using hierarchical analyses of variance (ANOVAs). We also related goal-conflict EEG to trait anxiety, neuroticism, Behavioural Inhibition System (BIS)-anxiety and revised BIS (rBIS) using regression analyses. We found that changes in CSD power during goal conflict were limited to increased midfrontocentral theta. Conversely, coherence increased across 23 scalp-wide theta region pairs and one frontal delta region pair. Finally, scalp-wide theta significantly predicted trait neuroticism but not trait anxiety, BIS-anxiety or rBIS. We conclude that goal conflict involves increased midfrontocentral CSD theta power and scalp-wide theta-dominated coherence. Therefore, compared with information processing conflict, goal conflict displays a similar EEG power profile of midfrontocentral theta but a much wider coherence profile. Furthermore, the increases in theta during goal conflict are the characteristic of BIS-driven activity. Therefore, future research should confirm whether these goal-conflict effects are driven by the BIS by examining whether the effects are attenuated by anxiolytic drugs. Overall, we have identified a unique network of goal-conflict EEG during the calibrated SST.

scholarly journals Stopping, goal-conflict, trait anxiety and frontal rhythmic power in the stop-signal task

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 485-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phoebe S.-H. Neo ◽  
Jane K. Thurlow ◽  
Neil McNaughton
Keyword(s):  
Trait Anxiety ◽  
Stop Signal ◽  
Goal Conflict ◽  
Stop Signal Task

scholarly journals Behavioural inhibition and valuation of gain/loss are neurally distinct from approach/withdrawal

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil McNaughton ◽  
Philip J. Corr
Keyword(s):  
Passive Avoidance ◽  
Active Avoidance ◽  
Goal Conflict ◽  
Behavioural Inhibition ◽  
Gain Loss ◽  
Behavioural Inhibition System ◽  
Reward And Punishment

Abstract Gain or omission/termination of loss produces approach; while loss or omission/termination of gain produces withdrawal. Control of approach/withdrawal motivation is distinct from valuation of gain/loss and does not entail learning – making “reward” and “punishment” ambiguous. Approach-withdrawal goal conflict engages a neurally distinct Behavioural Inhibition System, which controls “anxiety” (conflict/passive avoidance) but not “fear” (withdrawal/active avoidance).

scholarly journals Corticolimbic Circuit Structure Moderates an Association Between Early Life Stress and Later Trait Anxiety

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Justin Kim ◽  
Madeline J. Farber ◽  
Annchen R. Knodt ◽  
Ahmad R. Hariri
Keyword(s):  
Trait Anxiety ◽  
Life Stress ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Emotional Reactivity ◽  
Early Life Stress ◽  
Childhood Adversity ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Wide Range

AbstractChildhood adversity is associated with a wide range of negative behavioral and neurodevelopmental consequences. However, individuals vary substantially in their sensitivity to such adversity. Here, we examined how individual variability in structural features of the corticolimbic circuit, which plays a key role in emotional reactivity, moderates the association between childhood adversity and later trait anxiety in 798 young adult university students. Consistent with prior research, higher self-reported childhood adversity was significantly associated with higher self-reported trait anxiety. However, this association was attenuated in participants with higher microstructural integrity of the uncinate fasciculus and greater thickness of the orbitofrontal cortex. These structural properties of the corticolimbic circuit may capture a neural profile of relative resiliency to early life stress, especially against the negative effects of childhood adversity on later trait anxiety. More generally, our findings highlight the potential utility in the simultaneous consideration of qualitatively different brain structural measures in explaining complex behavioral associations in future research.

scholarly journals Effects of Trait Anxiety on Error Processing and Post-error Adjustments: An Event-Related Potential Study With Stop-Signal Task

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meng-Tien Hsieh ◽  
Hsinjie Lu ◽  
Chia-I Lin ◽  
Tzu-Han Sun ◽  
Yi-Ru Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Trait Anxiety ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Stop Signal ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Stop Signal Task ◽  
Error Monitoring ◽  
Error Awareness ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Error Perception

The present study aimed to use event-related potentials with the stop-signal task to investigate the effects of trait anxiety on inhibitory control, error monitoring, and post-error adjustments. The stop-signal reaction time (SSRT) was used to evaluate the behavioral competence of inhibitory control. Electrophysiological signals of error-related negativity (ERN) and error positivity (Pe) were used to study error perception and error awareness, respectively. Post-error slowing (PES) was applied to examine the behavioral adjustments after making errors. The results showed that SSRT and PES did not differ significantly between individuals with high trait anxiety (HTA) and those with low trait anxiety (LTA). However, individuals with HTA demonstrated reduced ERN amplitudes and prolonged Pe latencies than those with LTA. Prolonged Pe latencies were also significantly associated with poorer post-error adjustments. In conclusion, HTA led to reduced cortical responses to error monitoring. Furthermore, inefficient conscious awareness of errors might lead to maladaptive post-error adjustments.

scholarly journals Does behavioural inhibition system dysfunction contribute to Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder?

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Sadeghi ◽  
J. McIntosh ◽  
S. M. Shadli ◽  
D. Healey ◽  
R. Rostami ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Stop Signal Task ◽  
Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory ◽  
Behavioural Inhibition ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Reinforcement Sensitivity ◽  
Externalising Disorders ◽  
Anxiolytic Drugs ◽  
Behavioural Inhibition System

Abstract The Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory of Personality has as its main foundation a Behavioural Inhibition System (BIS), defined by anxiolytic drugs, in which high trait sensitivity should lead to internalising, anxiety, disorders. Conversely, it has been suggested that low BIS sensitivity would be a characteristic of externalising disorders. BIS output should lead to increased arousal and attention as well as behavioural inhibition. Here, therefore, we tested whether an externalising disorder, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), involves low BIS sensitivity. Goal-Conflict-Specific Rhythmicity (GCSR) in an auditory Stop Signal Task is a right frontal EEG biomarker of BIS function. We assessed children diagnosed with ADHD-I (inattentive) or ADHD-C (combined) and healthy control groups for GCSR in: a) an initial smaller study in Dunedin, New Zealand (population ~120,000: 15 control, 10 ADHD-I, 10 ADHD-C); and b) a main larger one in Tehran, Iran (population ~9 [city]-16 [metropolis] million: 27 control, 18 ADHD-I, 21 ADHD-C). GCSR was clear in controls (particularly at 6–7 Hz) and in ADHD-C (particularly at 8–9 Hz) but was reduced in ADHD-I. Reduced attention and arousal in ADHD-I could be due, in part, to BIS dysfunction. However, hyperactivity and impulsivity in ADHD-C are unlikely to reflect reduced BIS activity. Increased GCSR frequency in ADHD-C may be due to increased input to the BIS. BIS dysfunction may contribute to some aspects of ADHD (and potentially other externalising disorders) and to some differences between the ADHD subtypes but other prefrontal systems (and, e.g. dopamine) are also important.

Information Processing in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

2012 ◽  
pp. 190-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anke Ehlers ◽  
Thomas Ehring ◽  
Birgit Kleim
Keyword(s):  
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Information Processing ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Posttraumatic Stress ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Cognitive Vulnerability ◽  
Cognitive Strategies ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Wide Range

The chapter reviews the contribution of information processing models to understanding the development and maintenance of posttraumatic stress disorder. Individual differences in cognitive processing during the trauma and basic memory mechanism, such as priming and associative learning, may help explain why people with PTSD involuntarily re-experience parts of the trauma in a wide range of situations. Individual differences in how people remember traumatic events may influence the likelihood of developing PTSD. Attentional bias to trauma-related cues and threatening interpretations of the trauma or its aftermath help explain why people with PTSD have many symptoms of anxiety even though the trauma is over. Cognitive strategies people use to deal with memories of the trauma, such as effortful suppression of trauma memories and rumination, help explain why some develop chronic PTSD whereas many recover from trauma. Finally, there may be cognitive vulnerability factors that increase the probability of developing PTSD in response to trauma. Directions for future research are outlined.

scholarly journals A consensus guide to capturing the ability to inhibit actions and impulsive behaviors in the stop-signal task

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick Verbruggen ◽  
Adam Robert Aron ◽  
Guido Band ◽  
Christian Beste ◽  
Patrick Bissett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Response Inhibition ◽  
Statistical Power ◽  
Inhibition Efficiency ◽  
Task Design ◽  
Stop Signal ◽  
Stop Signal Task ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
User Friendly ◽  
Correct Implementation

Response inhibition is essential for navigating everyday life. Its derailment is considered integral to numerous neurological and psychiatric disorders, and more generally, to a wide range of behavioral and health problems. Response-inhibition efficiency furthermore correlates with treatment outcome in these conditions. The stop-signal task is an essential tool to determine how quickly response inhibition is implemented. Despite its apparent simplicity, there are many features (ranging from task design to data analysis) that vary across studies in ways that can easily compromise the validity of the obtained results. Our present goal is to facilitate a more accurate use of the stop-signal task. To this end, we provide twelve easy-to-implement consensus recommendations and point out the problems that can arise when these are not followed. This article is furthermore accompanied by user-friendly open-source resources intended to inform statistical-power considerations, facilitate the correct implementation of the task, and assist in proper data analysis.

scholarly journals A consensus guide to capturing the ability to inhibit actions and impulsive behaviors in the stop-signal task

eLife ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick Verbruggen ◽  
Adam R Aron ◽  
Guido PH Band ◽  
Christian Beste ◽  
Patrick G Bissett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Response Inhibition ◽  
Statistical Power ◽  
Inhibition Efficiency ◽  
Task Design ◽  
Stop Signal ◽  
Stop Signal Task ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
User Friendly ◽  
Correct Implementation

Response inhibition is essential for navigating everyday life. Its derailment is considered integral to numerous neurological and psychiatric disorders, and more generally, to a wide range of behavioral and health problems. Response-inhibition efficiency furthermore correlates with treatment outcome in some of these conditions. The stop-signal task is an essential tool to determine how quickly response inhibition is implemented. Despite its apparent simplicity, there are many features (ranging from task design to data analysis) that vary across studies in ways that can easily compromise the validity of the obtained results. Our goal is to facilitate a more accurate use of the stop-signal task. To this end, we provide 12 easy-to-implement consensus recommendations and point out the problems that can arise when they are not followed. Furthermore, we provide user-friendly open-source resources intended to inform statistical-power considerations, facilitate the correct implementation of the task, and assist in proper data analysis.

Comparative Effects of High-Tech Visual Scene Displays and Low-Tech Isolated Picture Symbols on Engagement From Students With Multiple Disabilities

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 693-702 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Holyfield ◽  
Sydney Brooks ◽  
Allison Schluterman
Keyword(s):  
Language Learning ◽  
Augmentative And Alternative Communication ◽  
Visual Analysis ◽  
Multiple Disabilities ◽  
Visual Scene ◽  
Future Research ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Single Subject ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Difference

Purpose Augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) is an intervention approach that can promote communication and language in children with multiple disabilities who are beginning communicators. While a wide range of AAC technologies are available, little is known about the comparative effects of specific technology options. Given that engagement can be low for beginning communicators with multiple disabilities, the current study provides initial information about the comparative effects of 2 AAC technology options—high-tech visual scene displays (VSDs) and low-tech isolated picture symbols—on engagement. Method Three elementary-age beginning communicators with multiple disabilities participated. The study used a single-subject, alternating treatment design with each technology serving as a condition. Participants interacted with their school speech-language pathologists using each of the 2 technologies across 5 sessions in a block randomized order. Results According to visual analysis and nonoverlap of all pairs calculations, all 3 participants demonstrated more engagement with the high-tech VSDs than the low-tech isolated picture symbols as measured by their seconds of gaze toward each technology option. Despite the difference in engagement observed, there was no clear difference across the 2 conditions in engagement toward the communication partner or use of the AAC. Conclusions Clinicians can consider measuring engagement when evaluating AAC technology options for children with multiple disabilities and should consider evaluating high-tech VSDs as 1 technology option for them. Future research must explore the extent to which differences in engagement to particular AAC technologies result in differences in communication and language learning over time as might be expected.

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