Evolutionary game analysis of environmental pollution control under the government regulation

This paper studied a tripartite evolutionary game of stakeholders in environmental pollution control. Most previous studies on this issue are limited to a focus on system dynamics with two-party game problems and lack a spatial analysis of strategy evolution. The parameters adopted are too few, and the influencing factors considered are too simple. The purpose of the paper is to introduce more parameters to study, which will have an important impact on the strategy choices of participants and the evolution path of the strategy over time. We construct a tripartite evolutionary game model of sewage enterprises, governments and the public. We establish a payment matrix and replicator equations as our method, and we also implement parameter simulations in MATLAB. In summary, we found that the reward and punishment mechanism plays an important role in environmental pollution control. Specifically: intensifying rewards and penalties will help encourage sewage enterprises to meet the discharge standard and the public to participate in pollution control action. However, increased rewards will reduce government's willingness to adopt incentive strategies; Government's reward for public's participation in the action must be greater than the increased cost of participation; Reducing the cost of sewage enterprise can also encourage them to implement standard emissions. The research presented in this paper further improves standard emissions and designs reasonable reward and punishment mechanism.

Dampak Pemberian Reward and Punishment Untuk Meningkatkan Kedisiplinan Anak Usia Dini

Discipline is a concept that must be instilled from an early age. How to teach discipline to children at the age of 3-6 years is usually taught in simple things such as tidying up toys, accepting consequences for doing wrong or right, obeying the guidance of parents around, and others. Education aims to train children so that children can be responsible and can realize if there are mistakes they have made. Reward and punishment is an effective way to teach discipline to children. This article aims to describe or conceptually describe the application of reward and punishment to early childhood to train discipline. The method used is a literature study or literature study which contains the opinions of various experts regarding a particular problem which is then examined, compared with the research and researchers who draw conclusions. In this article, the author only analyzes two of them. Several findings from previous studies illustrate that offering these rewards and punishments can improve discipline in children in various ways, such as giving stars, giving praise, giving hand flour, and others. The conclusion of this article is that with reward and punishment, children can better control their emotions and obey the rules that have been given by teachers and parents.

The Dehumanising Consequences of Gamification

While gamification represents one of the largest technology trends of the last decade, only a limited selection of literature exists that explores the negative outcomes of contemporary gamified services, applications, and systems. This chapter explores the consequences of gamified systems and services, investigating contemporary implementations of gamification and acknowledging the ethical concerns raised by researchers towards contemporary gamified services. This chapter further explores these ethical concerns through a critical instance case study of China's Social Credit System and arrives at informed observations on the potential for gamified cycles of reward and punishment to encourage unethical activity within organisations as well as legitimise ideological objectives that violate fundamental human rights. Recommendations are then made for researchers to explore this potential further, while recognising how gamification may justify the authority and practices of organisations, particularly those engaged in unethical and dehumanising behaviour.

МОТИВ БЕЗСМЕРТЯ У РОМАНІСТИЦІ ЛЕОНІДА ГОРЛАЧА

The article deals with the analysis of functioning of the immortality motif in L. Horlach’s poetic novels (Mamay, Ruin, Open Field, Askold’s Finger, Slavic Island). Based on the works of P. Bargar, A. Veselovskij, I. Dziuba, J. Morgan, I. Silantev and S. Thompson, the scecific nature of the motif as a literary element is presented. The relevance of the study is determined by the mythological origin of the invariant motif of immortality, its unique role in Ukrainian (and world-wide) culture and the lack of studies on this topic, all based on L. Horlach’s works. This paper shows the writer’s use of pagan and Christian traditions in describing the afterlife, the understanding of immortality as a feature of a deity or as a reward and punishment for people. The motif of immortality is also connected to the concept of memory, fame and the contribution of personalities to the common goal. The motif is analyzed using mythologies, symbols and allegories (the thread of Moirai, fire, garden, bee).

UPAYA KEPALA SEKOLAH DALAM MENGATASI GURU YANG MENGALAMI MASALAH METODE MENGAJAR

Supervisi merupakan pembinaan yang terencana dalam membantu guru dan staf lainnya dalam suatu pekerjaan yang efektif untuk mencapai tujuan-tujuan pendidikan. Kepala sekolah sebagai supervisor memberikan bimbingan dan dorongan kepada guru-guru dalam pelaksanaan pendidikan dan pengajaran terutama dalam hal pemilihan metode pembelajaran. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan: 1)Bagaimana upaya kepala sekolah dalam mengatasi guru yang mengalami masalah metode mengajar. 2) Apa saja faktor pendukung dan penghambat kepala sekolah dalam mengatasi guru yang mengalami masalah metode mengajar. Metode penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif. Data diambil dengan menggunakan wawancara, observasi dan dokumentasi. Analisis datanya menggunakan tehnik deskriptif kualitatif. Dalam hal ini peneliti berusaha memahami keadaan yang terjadi di MTs. Raudlatul Ihsan dalam mengupayakan supervisi di sekolah. Dari hasil penelitian, Upaya kepala sekolah dalam mengatasi guru yang mengalami masalah metode mengajar, yaitu :Supervisi Manajerial meliputi Menyediakan sarana dan prasarana dan Reward and Punishment, Supervisi Akademik meliputi Mengadakan kunjungan kelas atau rapat/pertemuan dan Mengikutsertakan para guru diklat dan pelatihan. Faktor pendukung dan penghambat kepala sekolah dalam mengatasi guru yang mengalami masalah metode mengajar, yaitu: Faktor Pendukung: Antusias yang positif dari para guru. Faktor Penghambat, Internal: Banyaknya pekerjaan dan tanggung jawab kepala sekolah, Eksternal: Kurangnya kemampuan atau kompetensi yang dimiliki guru.

How to Alleviate Rent-Seeking Behaviour in Performance Appraisal of Government-Paid PPP Projects? Tripartite Evolutionary Game Approach

Performance appraisal is a key link in the performance payment mechanism of government-paid Public-Private Partnership (PPP) projects. As the performance appraisal of PPP projects is highly professional and complex, it is usually necessary to introduce a third-party performance appraisal institution to evaluate the project outputs of the private investor. However, driven by economic rent, the private investor has the incentive to seek rent from the third party in the performance appraisal process, leading to the low overall performance level of PPP projects and the inability to achieve the PPP performance appraisal goal effectively. To explore how to avoid rent-seeking in performance appraisal and improve the overall performance of government-paid PPP projects, a tripartite evolutionary game model between the behaviour, third party, and the public sector has been constructed. Based on the evolutionary game model, this study analyses the evolutionary stability of each player's strategy, discusses the influence of various factors on the strategy selection of the three-party, and further analyses the stability of the equilibrium point of the three-party game system. The findings reveal that the public sector can slow down the rent-seeking behaviour of the private sector by setting up a reasonable reward and punishment mechanism. The design of a reasonable reward and punishment mechanism must meet the following conditions: (1) the sum of the reward and punishment of all parties is greater than the speculative income; (2) the amount of performance fee withheld for the private investor is greater than the difference between the project operating cost saved and the speculation cost. The research provides technical support for the design of the performance appraisal mechanism of government-paid PPP projects.

Model-based prioritization for acquiring protection

Protection, or the mitigation of harm, often involves the capacity to prospectively plan the actions needed to combat a threat. The computational architecture of decisions involving protection remains unclear, as well as whether these decisions differ from other positive prospective actions. Here we examine effects of valence and context by comparing protection to reward, which occurs in a different context but is also positively valenced, and punishment, which also occurs in an aversive context but differs in valence. We applied computational modeling across three independent studies (Total N=600) using five iterations of a ‘two-step’ behavioral task to examine model-based reinforcement learning for protection, reward, and punishment in humans. Decisions motivated by acquiring safety via protection evoked a higher degree of model-based control than acquiring reward and avoiding punishment, with no significant differences in learning rate. The context-valence asymmetry characteristic of protection increased deployment of flexible decision strategies, suggesting model-based control depends on the context in which outcomes are encountered as well as the valence of the outcome.