Retrospective Voting in Big-City US Mayoral Elections

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 697-714 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel J. Hopkins ◽  
Lindsay M. Pettingill
Keyword(s):  
Information Sources ◽  
Property Values ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Retrospective Voting ◽  
Mayoral Elections ◽  
Big City ◽  
Media Markets ◽  
American Cities

Retrospective voting is a central explanation for voters’ support of incumbents. Yet, despite the variety of conditions facing American cities, past research has devoted little attention to retrospective voting for mayors. This paper first develops hypotheses about how local retrospective voting might differ from its national analog, due to both differing information sources and the presence of national benchmarks. It then analyzes retrospective voting using the largest data set on big-city mayoral elections between 1990 and 2011 to date. Neither crime rates nor property values consistently influence incumbent mayors’ vote shares, nor do changes in local conditions. However, low city-level unemployment relative to national unemployment correlates with higher incumbent support. The urban voter is a particular type of retrospective voter, one who compares local economic performance to conditions elsewhere. Moreover, these effects appear to be present only in cities that dominate their media markets, suggesting media outlets’ role in facilitating retrospective voting.

Sexism and Gender Inequality Across 57 Societies

2011 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 1413-1418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark J. Brandt
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Data ◽  
Multilevel Modeling ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Representative Data ◽  
Gender Hierarchy ◽  
And Gender

Theory predicts that individuals’ sexism serves to exacerbate inequality in their society’s gender hierarchy. Past research, however, has provided only correlational evidence to support this hypothesis. In this study, I analyzed a large longitudinal data set that included representative data from 57 societies. Multilevel modeling showed that sexism directly predicted increases in gender inequality. This study provides the first evidence that sexist ideologies can create gender inequality within societies, and this finding suggests that sexism not only legitimizes the societal status quo, but also actively enhances the severity of the gender hierarchy. Three potential mechanisms for this effect are discussed briefly.

The Relationship Between Gratitude and Religious Identification of NCAA Athletes: A Replication Study

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Nicole T. Gabana ◽  
Jeffrey B. Ruser ◽  
Mariya A. Yukhymenko-Lescroart ◽  
Jenelle N. Gilbert
Keyword(s):  
National Collegiate Athletic Association ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Spiritual Identity ◽  
General State ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Religious Identification ◽  
Dispositional Trait ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Diverse Data

A holistic, multicultural approach to student-athlete mental health, well-being, and performance promotes the consideration of spiritual and religious identities in counseling and consultation. Preliminary research supports the interconnectedness of spirituality, religiosity, and gratitude in athletes; thus, this study sought to replicate Gabana, D’Addario, Luzzeri, and Soendergaard's study (2020) and extend the literature by examining a larger, independently sampled, more diverse data set and multiple types of gratitude. National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I–III student-athletes (N = 596) were surveyed to better understand how religious and spiritual identity related to trait, general-state, and sport-state gratitude. Results supported past research; athletes who self-identified as being both spiritual and religious reported greater dispositional (trait) gratitude than those who self-identified as spiritual/nonreligious or nonspiritual/nonreligious. Between group differences were not found when comparing general-state and sport-state gratitude. Findings strengthen and extend the understanding of spirituality, religion, and gratitude in sport. Limitations, practical implications, and future directions are discussed.

scholarly journals Can Psychological Traits Be Inferred From Spending? Evidence From Transaction Data

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (7) ◽  
pp. 1087-1096 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joe J. Gladstone ◽  
Sandra C. Matz ◽  
Alain Lemaire
Keyword(s):  
Predictive Accuracy ◽  
Ecological Validity ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Big Five Personality ◽  
Automatic Assessment ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Psychological Traits ◽  
Ensemble Machine Learning ◽  
Social Media Platforms ◽  
Survey Responses

The automatic assessment of psychological traits from digital footprints allows researchers to study psychological traits at unprecedented scale and in settings of high ecological validity. In this research, we investigated whether spending records—a ubiquitous and universal form of digital footprint—can be used to infer psychological traits. We applied an ensemble machine-learning technique ( random-forest modeling) to a data set combining two million spending records from bank accounts with survey responses from the account holders ( N = 2,193). Our predictive accuracies were modest for the Big Five personality traits ( r = .15, corrected ρ = .21) but provided higher precision for specific traits, including materialism ( r = .33, corrected ρ = .42). We compared the predictive accuracy of these models with the predictive accuracy of alternative digital behaviors used in past research, including those observed on social media platforms, and we found that the predictive accuracies were relatively stable across socioeconomic groups and over time.

scholarly journals The effect of big-city news on rural America during the COVID-19 pandemic

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (36) ◽  
pp. 22009-22014
Author(s):  
Eunji Kim ◽  
Michael E. Shepherd ◽  
Joshua D. Clinton
Keyword(s):  
Television News ◽  
News Coverage ◽  
Local News ◽  
Rural Residents ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Local Television ◽  
Local Television News ◽  
Big City ◽  
Media Markets ◽  
Survey Responses

Can “urban-centric” local television news coverage of the COVID-19 pandemic affect the behavior of rural residents with lived experiences so different from their “local” news coverage? Leveraging quasi-random geographic variation in media markets for 771 matched rural counties, we show that rural residents are more likely to practice social distancing if they live in a media market that is more impacted by COVID-19. Individual-level survey responses from residents of these counties confirm county-level behavioral differences and help attribute the differences we identify to differences in local television news coverage—self-reported differences only exist among respondents who prefer watching local news, and there are no differences in media usage or consumption across media markets. Although important for showing the ability of local television news to affect behavior despite urban–rural differences, the media-related effects we identify are at most half the size of the differences related to partisan differences.

scholarly journals Impacts of Ground Water Contamination on Property Values: Agricultural Run-off and Private Wells

2016 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 293-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis Guignet ◽  
Patrick J. Walsh ◽  
Rachel Northcutt
Keyword(s):  
Ground Water ◽  
Water Contamination ◽  
Property Values ◽  
Residential Real Estate ◽  
Ground Water Contamination ◽  
Lake County ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Run Off ◽  
Home Values ◽  
Private Wells

Few studies have examined the impacts of ground water quality on residential property values. Using a unique data set of well tests, we link residential real estate transactions to home-specific contamination and conduct a hedonic analysis of sales in Lake County, Florida, where pollution concerns relate primarily to agricultural run-off. We find that recent testing and contamination of ground water there correspond to a 2–6 percent depreciation in home values, an effect that diminishes over time. Focusing on nitrogen-based contamination, we find that prices decline mainly when concentrations exceed the regulatory health standard, suggesting as much as a 15 percent depreciation at levels twice the standard.

scholarly journals The Economic Aftermath of the 1960s Riots in American Cities: Evidence from Property Values

2007 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 849-883 ◽  
Author(s):  
William J. Collins ◽  
Robert A. Margo
Keyword(s):  
Census Tract ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Central City ◽  
Property Values ◽  
Residential Property ◽  
Property Value ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
American Cities

In the 1960s many American cities experienced violent, race-related civil disturbances. This article examines census data from 1950 to 1980 to measure the riots' impact on the value of central-city residential property, and especially on black-owned property. Both OLS and IV estimates indicate that the riots depressed the median value of black-owned property between 1960 and 1970, with little or no rebound in the 1970s. Census tract data for a small number of cities suggest relative losses of population and property value in tracts that were directly affected by riots compared to other tracts in the same cities.

Effects of online consumer reviews on firm-based and expert-based communications

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianjun Zhu ◽  
David K.C. Tse ◽  
Qiang Fei
Keyword(s):  
Information Sources ◽  
Communication Channels ◽  
The Other ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Consumer Reviews ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Online Consumer Reviews ◽  
Expert Opinions ◽  
Daunting Task ◽  
Online Consumer

PurposeTo explain and empirically test how different marketing communication channels interact with each other and contribute to brands’ diverging marketplace performance.Design/methodology/approachWith a unique data set combining key variables of major passenger car brands, the paper takes a source-based perspective to investigate how firm-based communications, expert opinions and online consumer reviews interact and affect brands’ marketplace performance. Then the paper studies the three special boundary conditions under which online consumer reviews’ influence varies in competition with the other two established information sources. Lastly, a study was done to demonstrate the financial significance of investing in different information sources.FindingsThe results show that online consumer reviews mitigate the effectiveness of the other two information sources in driving brand sales. This mitigation effect is also magnified when the brand is weak, firm-based communications are modest and expert opinions are less favorable. The findings further suggest that in the emerging communication enterprise, firm-based and expert-based communications remain the core while user-based communication plays an indispensable competing and complementary role.Practical implicationsIn the new digital era, firms are facing the daunting task of understanding and integrating multiple communication channels. The study provides important implications for both researchers and practitioners with respect to brand management and integrated communications.Originality/valueExisting studies have demonstrated that each of the three communication efforts (by firms, experts and consumers) exerts a significant influence on product sales, but few studies have been conducted in settings marked by the coexistence of these efforts. In addition, the three communication efforts are likely to have different effects on brands with different market positions. The current study is contributing to the literature by filling the above gaps.

scholarly journals The Catastrophe of the Niedów Dam—The Causes of the Dam’s Breach, Its Development, and Consequences

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (22) ◽  
pp. 3254
Author(s):  
Stanisław Kostecki ◽  
Robert Banasiak
Keyword(s):  
Extreme Rainfall ◽  
Iterative Solution ◽  
Numerical Approach ◽  
Flood Event ◽  
Dam Breach ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Rapid Release ◽  
Downstream Area

Due to extreme rainfall in 2010 in the Lusatian Neisse River catchment area (in Poland), a flood event with a return period of over 100 years occurred, leading to the failure of the Niedów dam. The earth-type dam constructed for cooling the Turów power plant was washed away, resulting in the rapid release of nearly 8.5 million m3 of water and the flooding of the downstream area with substantial material losses. Here we analyze the conditions and causes of the dam’s failure, with special attention given to the mechanism and dynamics of the compound breaching process, in which the dam’s upstream slope reinforcement played a specific and remarkable role. The paper also describes a numerical approach for simulating a combined flood event downstream from the dam with the use of a two-dimensional hydrodynamic model (MIKE21). Considering the specific local conditions, i.e., wide floodplain, meandering character of the main channel, embankment overtopping, and available data set, an iterative solution of the unsteady state problem is proposed. This approach enables realistic flood propagation estimates to be delivered, the dam breach outflow to be reconstructed, and several important answers concerning the consequences of the dam’s failure to be provided. Finally, the paper presents the reconstruction of the dam that is more resilient to extreme hydrological conditions under changing climate.

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