Sexism and Gender Inequality Across 57 Societies

2011 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 1413-1418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark J. Brandt
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Data ◽  
Multilevel Modeling ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Representative Data ◽  
Gender Hierarchy ◽  
And Gender

Theory predicts that individuals’ sexism serves to exacerbate inequality in their society’s gender hierarchy. Past research, however, has provided only correlational evidence to support this hypothesis. In this study, I analyzed a large longitudinal data set that included representative data from 57 societies. Multilevel modeling showed that sexism directly predicted increases in gender inequality. This study provides the first evidence that sexist ideologies can create gender inequality within societies, and this finding suggests that sexism not only legitimizes the societal status quo, but also actively enhances the severity of the gender hierarchy. Three potential mechanisms for this effect are discussed briefly.

The Millennial/Gen Z Leftists Are Emerging: Are Sociologists Ready for Them?

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 408-427
Author(s):  
Elaine Bell Kaplan
Keyword(s):  
Social Change ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
The Status ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
New Generation ◽  
Do So

Sociology is being challenged by the new generation of students and scholars who have another view of society. Millennial/Gen Zs are the most progressive generation since the 1960s. We have had many opportunities to discuss and imagine power, diversity, and social change when we teach them in our classes or attend their campus events. Some Millennial/Gen Z believe, especially those in academia, that social scientists are tied to old theories and ideologies about race and gender, among other inconsistencies. These old ideas do not resonate with their views regarding equity. Millennials are not afraid to challenge the status quo. They do so already by supporting multiple gender and race identities. Several questions come to mind. How do we as sociologists with our sense of history and other issues such as racial and gender inequality help them along the way? Are we ready for this generation? Are they ready for us?

Gender Inequality and Gender Differences in Authoritarianism

2012 ◽  
Vol 38 (10) ◽  
pp. 1301-1315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark J. Brandt ◽  
P. J. Henry
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Multilevel Modeling ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Psychological Threat ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Different Cultures ◽  
Analyze Data ◽  
Psychological Threats

Authoritarianism may be endorsed in part as a means of managing and buffering psychological threats (e.g., Duckitt & Fisher, 2003; Henry, 2011). Building on this research, the authors postulated that authoritarianism should be especially prevalent among women in societies with high levels of gender inequality because they especially face more psychological threats associated with stigma compared with men. After establishing that authoritarianism is, in part, a response to rejection, a psychological threat associated with stigma (Study 1), the authors used multilevel modeling to analyze data from 54 societies to find that women endorsed authoritarian values more than men, especially in individualistic societies with high levels of gender inequality (Study 2). Results show that the threats of stigma for women are not uniform across different cultures and that the degree of stigma is related to the degree of endorsement of psychologically protective attitudes such as authoritarianism.

scholarly journals Where Men Appear More Religious Than Women: Turning a Gender Lens on Religion in Israel

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Landon Schnabel ◽  
Conrad Hackett ◽  
David McClendon
Keyword(s):  
Minority Groups ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Typical Pattern ◽  
Gender Gaps ◽  
Representative Data ◽  
Gendered Institutions ◽  
Subgroup Analyses ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Gender Lens

Past research, typically focused on Christians in Christian nations, has found that women tend to be more religious than men. This study uses original nationally-representative data (N=5,601) with strategic oversamples of minority groups to examine variation in how religion and gender intersect across ethnoreligious identities in Israel. We demonstrate that Israel diverges from the typical pattern of women appearing more religious than men. In fact, Israeli men are consistently more religious than Israeli women on commonly used measures and frequently more religious on a broader set of questions specific to Judaism and Israel. Subgroup analyses highlight the intersectional nature of gender and religion, showing that men’s greater religiosity in Israel is limited to Jews, and, more specifically, non-secular Jews. We suggest that gender gaps arise, at least in part, because religions are gendered institutions with gendered norms, expectations, and incentives, and that these norms, expectations, and incentives vary from religion to religion.

The human development index predicts female entrepreneurship rates

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 745-766 ◽  
Author(s):  
Narendranathan Maniyalath ◽  
Roshni Narendran
Keyword(s):  
Human Development ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Human Development Index ◽  
National Income ◽  
Female Entrepreneurship ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Development Index ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Gem Data

Purpose – Past research has identified a negative association between national income and female entrepreneurship rates. Data from Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) 2012 are analyzed to determine whether the Human Development Index (HDI) predicts female entrepreneurship rates. The purpose of this paper is to indicate how other socioeconomic variables that measure human development interact with national income to predict female entrepreneurship rates. Design/methodology/approach – Data were drawn from the 2012 GEM data set, which provides information on female entrepreneurship rates in 61 countries. To test relevant hypotheses, dependent and socio-demographic variables were sourced from international databases to perform quantitative cross-country regression analyses. Findings – National income significantly predicted female entrepreneurship rates in the univariate analysis. However, this relationship became non-significant when development indices were added to the model. In contrast, the HDI, the Gender Inequality Index, and national religious composition were robust, significant predictors. Practical implications – This study presents evidence that human and gender development indices, and national religious composition, are better predictors of female entrepreneurship rates than national income. Thus, studies on female entrepreneurship rates should account and adjust for human development and gender equality indices. As religiosity continues to be pervasive within multiple nations, policymakers should consider this when developing interventions geared toward promoting female entrepreneurship. Originality/value – This paper identifies factors other than economic determinism to explain variance in female entrepreneurship rates and demonstrates that human development and gender inequality indices are better predictors of female entrepreneurship rates.

scholarly journals MANIFESTASI GENDER DALAM STRUKTUR BUDAYA SPIRITUAL MASYARAKAT TOANI TOLOTANG

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nensilianti Nensilianti
Keyword(s):  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Educational Opportunities ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Status ◽  
Collecting Techniques ◽  
Individual Decisions ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Cultural Structure

This study aimed to describe the status, roles, and gender inequality in the cultural structure of Toani Tolotang communities. Collecting  techniques of the data are through observation, indepth interviews and focus group discussions. The results showed: (1) the manifestation of the injustice caused by differences in the social strata (status quo) in society, namely: the impression of slavery, oppression and economic deprivation, restraint in decision-making, and differences in educational opportunities, (2) the manifestation of gender inequality caused by the beliefs of Toani Tolotang communities, namely: the feelings and individual decisions constrained by the status quo,  the limitation of movement and productivity for pregnant women, the over loyalty of wife to husband , the  unbalanced of sharing  roles and workloads between men and women, and lack of respect for the work of women.

Measures Collected on the USMA Class of 1998 as Part of the Baseline Officer Longitudinal Data Set (BOLDS)

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynn M. Milan ◽  
Dennis R. Bourne ◽  
Michelle M. Zazanis ◽  
Paul T. Bartone
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Data ◽  
Data Set

African Americans and the Crisis of Modernity

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 53-60
Author(s):  
Eric S. King
Keyword(s):  
African Americans ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Black People ◽  
Black Family ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Economic Problems ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Crisis Of Modernity

This article examines Lorraine Hansberry’s play A Raisin in the Sun by exploring the conflict between a traditionally Southern, Afro-Christian, communitarian worldview and certain more destabilizing elements of the worldview of modernity. In addition to examining the socio-economic problems confronted by some African Americans in the play, this article investigates the worldviews by which these Black people frame their problems as well as the dynamics within the relationships of a Black family that lives at the intersection of racial, class, and gender inequality in Chicago during the latter 1950s.

Scheduled Castes: Social And Gender Inequality

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 361-362
Author(s):  
M.S. Shinde M.S. Shinde ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Scheduled Castes ◽  
And Gender

Predictors of grit: A multilevel model examination of demographics and school experiences

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dana Wanzer
Keyword(s):  
Academic Success ◽  
School Culture ◽  
Multilevel Modeling ◽  
Predictive Validity ◽  
School Engagement ◽  
Multilevel Model ◽  
School Experiences ◽  
School Level ◽  
School Demographics ◽  
And Gender

Much of the research on grit has examined its predictive validity toward academic success; however, little research has treated grit as an outcome. This study uses multilevel modeling to examine how student-level demographics, school-level demographics, and students’ experiences in school predict grit. Results demonstrate that students’ experiences in school—including school engagement, relationships with adults and peers, and school culture—and self-reported GPA were most strongly related to grit, ethnicity was weakly related to grit, and gender and school demographics did not significantly relate to grit. Implications of this research on the potential malleability of grit are discussed.

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