Increasing Trend in the Monozygotic Twinning Rate

1987 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 397-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.M.A. Bressers ◽  
A.W. Eriksson ◽  
P.J. Kostense ◽  
P. Parisi
Keyword(s):  
Federal Republic ◽  
Oral Contraceptives ◽  
Sharp Increase ◽  
Federal Republic Of Germany ◽  
Intrauterine Devices ◽  
Pelvic Infection ◽  
Monozygotic Twinning ◽  
Increasing Trend ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
European Populations

AbstractRecent changes in the estimated incidence of monozygotic twinning in 15 European populations are described. The overall trend was an increase in the monozygotic twinning rate (MZTR) since the 1960s, particularly in those countries in which the use of oral contraceptives (OC) was widespread. A slower increase or even a decrease in the MZTR was observed in countries with low use of OC. Some countries, eg, Sweden, demonstrated an unexpectedly sharp increase since the 1960s. In Poland and the Federal Republic of Germany the MZTR was already strongly increasing as early as in the 1950s, clearly before the introduction of the pill. The influence of several other factors on the MZTR is discussed, such as toxic and teratogenic agents, pelvic infection diseases caused by the use of intrauterine devices, the increased use of ovulation inducers and neuroleptics as well as changes in the registration of perinatal deaths.

scholarly journals Frammenti di massificazione: le neoavanguardie anglo-germanofone, il cut-up di Burroughs e la pop art negli anni Sessanta e Settanta

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriele Bacherini
Keyword(s):  
Federal Republic ◽  
Pop Art ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
German Language ◽  
Federal Republic Of Germany ◽  
Literary Context ◽  
New Form ◽  
American Intellectual ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S

Frammenti di massificazione: le neoavanguardie anglo-germanofone, il cut-up di Burroughs e la pop art negli anni Sessanta e Settanta analyses the influence of William Seward Burroughs’ cut-up method on British and German-language neo-avant-gardes of the 1960s and 1970s from a comparative point of view, with particular attention to the literary context of the Federal Republic of Germany. In four chapters devoted to a profile of this American intellectual and artist, the origins, stylistic features and reception of the cut-up method, the author investigates the reasons for the success of this process, rediscovered by Burroughs and aiming at a reconstruction of text fragments to build up new textual entities. The last chapter is an overview of the most interesting of the uses of the cut-up method in artistic environments other than literary writing, documenting the transformation of a rebellious technique into a new form of expression, i.e. pop art.

Glücksfall Bundesrepublik: New Germany and the 1960s

2008 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
KARL CHRISTIAN LAMMERS
Keyword(s):  
Federal Republic ◽  
Democratic Republic ◽  
German History ◽  
Federal Republic Of Germany ◽  
German State ◽  
German States ◽  
German Question ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Political Economic

The downfall and disappearance of the German Democratic Republic, the GDR, and the unification in 1990 of the two German states into the Federal Republic of Germany, the FRG, marked the end of an era. Forty years of divided and non-simultaneous German history had been brought to an end, and the national or German question had at last been solved. Since 1990 German history has continued as the history of the Federal Republic. From this perspective 1990 marked not an absolute end, but the continuity of the Federal Republic and to some degree even the triumph of the political, economic and social system of the FRG, as the inhabitants of the socialist GDR, when they had the opportunity, voted for joining the successful and wealthy West German state. The end of divided history, however, has had another consequence. Even if the era of the GDR, because of the very favourable archive situation, attracted great attention among historians, the focus of historical research has turned more and more to the history of the Federal Republic in order to analyse and explain why the FRG ended as a success, while the socialist GDR failed in its ambitions and aspirations as an alternative Germany. History demonstrated that the GDR was no German option, although for some time it was a German reality.

scholarly journals Public Health in a Radioactive Age: Environmental Pollution, Popular Therapies, and Narratives of Danger in the Federal Republic of Germany, 1949–1970

2019 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-64
Author(s):  
Caitlin E. Murdock
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Federal Republic ◽  
Health Hazard ◽  
Nuclear Radiation ◽  
Federal Republic Of Germany ◽  
Political Leaders ◽  
The Public ◽  
Health Aid ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
The 1960S

AbstractIn the 1950s and 1960s, West German citizens found themselves living in a “radioactive age.” The public learned that radiation exposure pervaded postwar society, not only from atomic testing but also from medical treatment, workplace exposures, and radium consumer goods. By 1970, West Germans—ranging from farmers and housewives, to physicians, scientists, and bureaucrats—had recast nuclear radiation from a technological wonder or health aid into a public health hazard. This article illustrates that anxieties about uncontrollable technology, ineffective institutions, disingenuous political leaders, and volatile citizens persisted from the 1950s to the 1970s, coexisting with optimism and progress, without truly subsiding in the 1960s, as historians often suggest. Further, it advocates taking those fears seriously, showing that they played a critical—and lasting—role in shaping public policy and state-society relations in the early Federal Republic.

«Vorzeigeunternehmen» in der Wirtschaftspolitik

2019 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-47
Author(s):  
Louis Pahlow
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Federal Republic ◽  
Significant Influence ◽  
Federal Republic Of Germany ◽  
World War ◽  
Legal Rules ◽  
Successful Model ◽  
The Law ◽  
The 1960S

AbstractThe «Carl-Zeiss-Foundation» had a significant influence on the development of the law of business foundations in the Federal Republic of Germany after 1945. Founded by Ernst Abbe in 1889, the Foundation was created to manage two firms driven by a statute in a self-regulated governance exclusively. After World War II such kind of business foundations became part of the German corporated landscape, especially after the 1960s. Critizised by a leading group of ordoliberal lawyers and also in the focus of the legislator, the «Carl-Zeiss-Foundation» was seen as a successful «model-firm», which immunized the law of business foundations against further regulations. The article describes the significant influences of this «model-firm» in the making of policies and the non-making of legal rules.

SCHOOL AND PARISH CATECHESIS IN THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY IN RELATION TO CANON AND UNIVERSAL LAW

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (XXI) ◽  
pp. 31-44
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Myjak
Keyword(s):  
Federal Republic ◽  
Religious Education ◽  
German Society ◽  
Virgin Mary ◽  
Federal Republic Of Germany ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Legal Basis ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Church

The article deals with the topic of the school and parish catechesis in the Federal Republic of Germany. The author presents the legal basis of the catechesis, in the Church and in the State. The catechetic teaching is defined in the Code of Canon Law. Information on this can be found in the second chapter of the title “The Ministry of the Divine Word” in this code. After a brief outline of the legal basis the author proceeds to presenting the history of religious education in Germany. Its origins lie in the 16th century at the time of Reformation and Counter-Reformation. As Rainer Winkel stated, when one studies the history of education, there are seven fields of education to be distinguished: 1. pedagogy, 2. religion, 3. ethics, 4. economics, 5. science, 6. politics, 7. art. Each of them is based on the development of one of seven “athropina”, i. e. features that are characteristic for human beings. All in all, it can be said that the religious education must be an integral part of all-round education. In a further part of the article the author describes the current catechetic teaching in Germany. Since the 1960s we can observe a development from catechesis to religious studies in the religious education at school. Instead of forming and educating pupils religiously, knowledge of religions is imparted at school. It is taught that there are many equally valid systems of values. The truths of faith and the sacraments are omitted during lessons. Above all, it can be observed that the German society is misinformed about the sacrament of penance. Besides, the passion of Christ, its meaning for a Christian and the role of the Holy Virgin Mary are not among the topics in school. On the other hand, parish catechesis is not very popular. The reason for this is probably the disappointment of the young people about the institutional character of the Church. In addition, there is a high percentage of atheists (especially in the former East Germany). Therefore, the author claims that there is a need of a renewed evangelisation instead of catechesis in Germany, in order that people believe in Jesus and the Mother of God again.

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