Genetics and the Races of Man. William C. Boyd. Boston (Little, Brown, & Co.), 1950. xvii + 453 pp. 6.00. (Reviewed by Ashley Montagu in the Saturday Review of Literature, 17 February 1.951; by Leslie C. Dunn in the Scientific American 183-6, December 1950; in Theodosius Dobzhansky, “Race and Humanity,” Science 113 (2932): 264-265, March 9, 1951; by J. N. Spuhler in the American Anthropologist 53-2, April-June 1951. Vol. 9, reviewed by Joseph B. Birdsell in American Journal of Physical Anthropology, No. 2, June 1951; by A. E. Mourant in the American Journal of Human Genetics, Vol. 3, No. 1, March 1951). - Principles of Human Genetics. Curt Stern. San Francisco (W. H. Freeman), 1949. xi + 617 pp. $7.50. (Reviewed by Theodosius Dobzhansky in the American Journal of Physical Anthropology 8-4, December 1950). - Races. A study of the problems of race formation in man. C. S. Coon, Stanley M. Garn, and Joseph B. Birdsell. American Lecture Series No. 77, Springfield, 111. (C. C. Thomas), 1950. xiv + 153 pp., 15 plates and 11 figs. $3.00. (Reviewed by J. Lawrence Angel in the American Journal of Physical Anthropology 8-4, December 1950; by Marshall T. Newman in the Boletin Bibliografico de Antropologia Americana, XIII (1950), Part II, Mexico, 1951, pp. 188-192; by Leslie C. Dunn in the American Anthropologist 53-1, January-March 1951; in Theodosius Dobzhansky, “Race and Humanity,” Science 113 (2932): 264-265, March 9, 1951). - Genetics, Paleontology, and Evolution. A symposium edited by Glenn L. Jepson, Ernst Mayr, and George Gaylord Simpson. Princeton University Press, 1949. xvi + 479 pp. $6.00. (Reviewed by S. L. Washburn in American Journal of Physical Anthropology 8-2, June 1950; by W. W. Howells in the American Anthropologist 52-4, October-December 1950).

1951 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 166-168
Author(s):  
Erik K. Reed
Keyword(s):  
San Francisco ◽  
Human Genetics ◽  
Physical Anthropology ◽  
Ernst Mayr ◽  
American Anthropologist ◽  
Princeton University ◽  
Theodosius Dobzhansky ◽  
Saturday Review ◽  
George Gaylord Simpson ◽  
Race Formation

Unfinished Synthesis

1986 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niles Eldredge
Keyword(s):  
Modern Synthesis ◽  
Ernst Mayr ◽  
Conventional Theory ◽  
Higher Taxa ◽  
Evolutionary Thought ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Theodosius Dobzhansky ◽  
George Gaylord Simpson

This study provides a stimulating critique of contemporary evolutionary thought, analyzing the Modern Synthesis first developed by Theodosius Dobzhansky, Ernst Mayr, and George Gaylord Simpson. The author argues that although only genes and organisms are taken as historic "individuals" in conventional theory, species, higher taxa, and ecological entities such as populations and communities should also be construed as individuals--an approach that yields the ecological and genealogical hierarchies that interact to produce evolution. This clearly stated, controversial work will provoke much debate among evolutionary biologists, systematists, paleontologists, and ecologists, as well as a wide range of educated lay readers.

The Equally Wonderful Field: Ernst Mayr and Organismic Biology

2010 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 279-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erika Lorraine Milam
Keyword(s):  
Biological Sciences ◽  
Animal Behavior ◽  
Living Systems ◽  
Ernst Mayr ◽  
Physical Sciences ◽  
Mechanistic Approach ◽  
Theodosius Dobzhansky ◽  
Historical Identity ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
George Gaylord Simpson

Biologists in the 1960s witnessed a period of intense intra-disciplinary negotiations, especially the positioning of organismic biologists relative to molecular biologists. The perceived valorization of the physical sciences by "molecular" biologists became a catalyst creating a unified front of "organismic" biology that incorporated not just evolutionary biologists, but also students of animal behavior, ecology, systematics, botany——in short, almost any biological community that predominantly conducted their research in the field or museum and whose practitioners felt the pinch of the prestige and funding accruing to molecular biologists and biochemists. Ernst Mayr, Theodosius Dobzhansky, and George Gaylord Simpson took leading roles in defending alternatives to what they categorized as the mechanistic approach of chemistry and physics applied to living systems——the "equally wonderful field of organismic biology." Thus, it was through increasingly tense relations with molecular biology that organismic biologists cohered into a distinct community, with their own philosophical grounding, institutional security, and historical identity. Because this identity was based in large part on a fundamental rejection of the physical sciences as a desirable model within biology, organismic biologists succeeded in protecting the future of their field by emphasizing the deep divisions that ran through the biological sciences as a whole.

Morros Vivos

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Waldson De Souza Costa
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
New Jersey ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Porto Alegre ◽  
Princeton University ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
Del Rio

O presente ensaio faz uma abordagem sobre a relação de reciprocidade entre os seres humanos e não-humanos que coabitam os morros vivos do povoado Pixaim. Comunidade que localizada às margens do Rio São Francisco, dentro da Área de Proteção Ambiental (APA) de Piaçabuçu, no extremo litoral Sul do estado de Alagoas, no Nordeste do Brasil, possui dinâmicas cosmológicas onde as coisas não-humanas (areias, morros, ventos e rio) possuem características humanas como o falar, o andar, o nascer e o morrer, entre outras competências.Com uma linguagem própria que valoriza a simetria entre Natureza e Cultura defendida pela Antropologia Ecológica, as imagens propõem um exercício, a partir das concepções do Cinema Transcultural elaboradas por David MacDougall, que envolve a ideia de uma produção visual que busca eliminar as fronteiras culturais entre os envolvidos: o EU (pesquisador) e os OUTROS (intelorcutores/espectadores) a partir de mediações de trocas de conhecimentos e informações entre os diversos agentes envolvidos no processo da pesquisa.Desta forma, o ensaio etnográfico segue uma estética própria onde estão presentes imagens de seres humanos em justaposição com imagens dos não-humanos. Estabelecendo uma narrativa onde ambos os seres atuam como informantes sobre as dinâmicas de vida do lugar, em uma tentativa de eliminar a dicotomia de Sociedade e Natureza mostrando que humanos e os seres não-humanos compartilham memórias, experiências e conhecimentos ao coabitarem o Pixaim.O ensaio ‘Morros Vivos’ é uma produção do grupo de pesquisa de Antropologia Visual em Alagoas (AVAL) e parte da dissertação de mestrado ‘Nos Morros Vivos de Pixaim – As dinâmicas dos conhecimentos no ambiente’, que foi defendida no primeiro semestre de 2018 no Programa de Pós-graduação em Antropologia Social (PPGAS), da Universidade Federal de Alagoas (Ufal).PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Natureza / Cultura / Antropologia Visual / Pixaim / Alagoas AUTOR: Waldson de Souza Costa – É mestre em Antropologia Social pelo PPGAS-UFAL e integrante do grupo de pesquisa Antropologia Visual em Alagoas (AVAL). Email: [email protected]   [ESPANHOL]MORROS VIVOS
El presente ensayo fotográfico hace un abordaje sobre la relación de reciprocidad entre los seres humanos y no humanos que cohabitan los cerros vivos del pueblo de Pixaim. La comunidad que se encuentra a orillas del Río San Francisco, dentro del Área de Protección Ambiental (APA) de Piaçabuçu, en el extremo litoral Sur del estado de Alagoas, en el Nordeste de Brasil, posee dinámicas cosmológicas donde las cosas no humanas (arenas, cerros, vientos y río) poseen características humanas como el hablar, el andar, el nacer y el morir, entre otras competencias.Con un lenguaje propio que valora la simetría entre Naturaleza y Cultura defendida por la Antropología Ecológica, las imágines proponem un ejercicio, a partir de las concepciones del Cinema Transcultural elaboradas por David MacDougall, que involucra la idea de una producción visual que busca eliminar las fronteras culturales entre los involucrados: el EU (investigador) y los OTROS (intelorcutores / espectadores) a partir de mediaciones de intercambios de conocimientos e informaciones entre los diversos agentes involucrados en el proceso de investigación.De esta forma, lo ensayo etnográfico sigue una estética propia donde están colocadas las narrativas de los seres humanos en yuxtaposición con imágenes de los no humanos. Establecer un itinerario donde ambos seres actúan como informantes sobre las dinámicas de vida del lugar, en un intento de eliminar la dicotomía de Sociedad y Naturaleza mostrando que los seres humanos y los seres no humanos comparten memorias, experiencias y conocimientos al cohabitar el Pixar.El ensayo 'Morros Vivos' es una producción del grupo de investigación de Antropología Visual en Alagoas (AVAL) y parte de la disertación de maestría 'En los Morros Vivos de Pixaim - Las dinámicas de los conocimientos en el ambiente', que fue defendida en el primer semestre de 2018 en el Programa de Postgrado en Antropología Social (PPGAS), de la Universidad Federal de Alagoas (Ufal). PALABRAS CLAVE: Naturaleza / Cultura / Antropología Visual / Pixaim / Alagoas  REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS BACHELARD, Gaston. A dialética da duração. Ed. Árica, São Paulo, 1994. BARTH, Fredrik. An Anthoropology of Knowledge. In: Current Anthopology, Volume 43, n° 1, 2002. BERKER, Howard S. “Les photographies dissent-elles la vérité?. In: Ethnologie Française – Arrét Sur Images – Photographie et Anthropologie, 2007/1, Volume 37, p. 33-42. Disponível em https://www.cairn.info/revue- ethnologie-francaise-2007-1- page-33.htm. Acesso: 04 de janeiro de 2017.BELTING, Hans. Antropologia da Imagem – Para uma ciência da imagem. Editora KKYM+EAUM, Lisboa, 2014.DESCOLA, Philippe. Além de Natureza e Cultura. In: Tessituras, Pelotas, RS, Vol. 3, N° 1, p. 7-33, jan-jun 2015. ____________ Philippe. Outras Naturezas, Outras Culturas. Editora 34, São Paulo, SP, 2016. _____________, Philippe. 1992. “Societies of nature and the nature of society”. In KUPER, Adam (ed.), Conceptualizing Society. London: Routledge. (pp. 107-126) INGOLD, Tim. Estar Vivo – Ensaios sobre o movimento, conhecimento e descrição. Editora Vozes, Petrópolis, RJ, 2015. ____________. Lines – A brief history. Ed. Routledge, New York, NY, 2007. ____________. Da transmissão de representações à educação da atenção. In: Educação, Volume 33, n°1, p. 6-25, Porto Alegre, RS, 2010. ____________. Trazendo as coisas de volta à vida: Emaranhandos criativos num mundo de materiais. In: Horizontes Antropológicos, Ano 18, n° 37, p. 25-44, Porto Alegre, RS, 2012.  MACDOUGALL, David. The Corporeal Image - Film, Ethnography, and the sense. Princeton University Press, New Jersey, 2006. ____________________. Film: Failure and Promise. In: Annual Review of Antropology, Vol. 7, p. 405-425, 1978.________________________. Transcultural Cinema, Pricenton University Press, New Jersey, 1998.MILTON, Kay. s/d. Ecologías: antropología, cultura y entorno - 1996. (www.unesco.org/issj/rics154/ miltonspa.html)VAILATI, Alex e col (orgs.). Antropologia Visual na Prática. Ed. Cultura e Barbárie, Florianópolis, SC, 2016.

scholarly journals Group selection and the development of the biological species concept

2010 ◽  
Vol 365 (1547) ◽  
pp. 1853-1863 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Mallet
Keyword(s):  
Species Concept ◽  
Biological Species ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Species Level ◽  
Biological Species Concept ◽  
Ernst Mayr ◽  
World War ◽  
Mutualistic Interaction ◽  
Theodosius Dobzhansky ◽  
Second World

The development of what became known as the biological species concept began with a paper by Theodosius Dobzhansky in 1935, and was amplified by a mutualistic interaction between Dobzhansky, Alfred Emerson and Ernst Mayr after the second world war. By the 1950s and early 1960s, these authors had developed an influential concept of species as coadapted genetic complexes at equilibrium. At this time many features of species were seen as group advantages maintained by selection to avoid breakdown of beneficial coadaptation and the ‘gene pool’. Speciation thus seemed difficult. It seemed to require, more so than today, an external deus ex machina , such as allopatry or the founder effect, rather than ordinary within-species processes of natural selection, sexual selection, drift and gene flow. In the mid-1960s, the distinctions between group and individual selection were clarified. Dobzhansky and Mayr both understood the implications, but their views on species changed little. These group selectionist ideas now seem peculiar, and are becoming distinctly less popular today. Few vestiges of group selectionism and species-level adaptationism remain in recent reviews of speciation. One wonders how many of our own cherished views on evolution will seem as odd to future biologists.

scholarly journals Race biology

Hereditas ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 157 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anssi Saura
Keyword(s):  
Human Genetics ◽  
Physical Anthropology ◽  
Applied Science ◽  
Advisory Board ◽  
Nordic Countries ◽  
Human Race ◽  
Major Subject ◽  
Social Applications ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Intellectual Climate

Abstract Background The founders of Hereditas envisioned that race biology would be a major subject that had social applications with utmost importance in the near future. Anthropometrics was in this context understood to be the pure and eugenics the applied science. Sweden had a long tradition in physical anthropometry. Herman Lundborg, member of the advisory board of Hereditas, united the anthropometric and eugenic approaches in a synthesis. He was the first head of the Institute for Race Biology in Sweden. The contents of Hereditas reflect the development of race biology in the Nordic countries. Conclusions The initial enthusiasm for applied race biology did not last long. In the 1920’s Hereditas carried papers on both physical anthropology and eugenics. Most paper dealt, however, with human genetics without eugenic content. Two papers, published in 1921 and 1939 show how the intellectual climate had changed from positive to negative. Finally only human genetics prevailed as the legitimate study of the human race or humankind. A belated defense of eugenics published in 1951 did not help; geneticists had abandoned anthropometrics for good around the year 1940 and eugenics about a decade later. In spite of that, eugenic legislation was amended astonishingly late, in the 1970’s. The development was essentially similar in all Nordic countries.

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