The effect of straw on farrowing site choice and nest building behaviour in sows

1992 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. S. Arey ◽  
A. M. Petchey ◽  
V. R. Fowler
Keyword(s):  
Nest Building ◽  
Important Influence ◽  
Nest Material ◽  
Significant Preference ◽  
Nest Box ◽  
Nesting Behaviour ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Building Behaviour ◽  
Group 1

AbstractFarrowing site choice was examined in 40 sows. In group 1, the preference of 16 sows was tested for pre-formed lying areas which incorporated the characteristics of previously observed farrowing nests: a hollow (H), a mattress (M), a nest box (B) and a flat control (C). None of the sows farrowed on C which indicated that choice was based on some evaluation of the lying surface. However, there was no significant preference for the three nest features: H6, M6, B 4. In group 2, C was replaced by a straw area (S). Four different amounts of straw were offered: 18, 9, 4·5 and 2·25 kg with four, four, eight, eight sows on trial at each amount respectively. All the sows farrowed on S at the 18, 9 and 4·5 levels; at 2·25 kg, three farrowed on S and five moved the straw to other lying areas on which they farrowed. The results indicated that the location of nest material has an important influence on farrowing site choice because it allows the performance of nesting behaviour. Although performance of the behaviour was not affected by the amount of straw available, 2·25 kg appeared to be inadequate for a satisfactory nest.

Self-Sustaining Activities and Reinforcement in the Nest Building Behaviour of Mice

Behaviour ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 59 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 40-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.J. Roper
Keyword(s):  
Nest Building ◽  
Nest Box ◽  
Positive Reinforcer ◽  
Female Mice ◽  
Key Press ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Building Activities ◽  
Building Behaviour

AbstractEIBL-EIBESFELDT (1961) and THORPE (1963) have suggested that nest-building in various species is reinforced by stimuli associated with the acquisition of a finished nest. HINDE & STEVENSON (1969, 1970) have proposed, by contrast, that individual nest building activities may persist and act as reinforcers regardless of whether or not they lead to nest formation. Evidence for these views is discussed. Five experiments designed to test HINDE and STEVENSON'S view arc described. In Experiments I and 2, naive female mice were given access to hoppers of paper strips for 14 days. Carrying of strips into the nest box declined rapidly to zero as the nests reached completion, but gathering of strips from the hoppers continued at the original level. It is concluded that carrying and subsequent events associated with nest acquisition are not necessary for the initiation and maintenance of gathering. In Experiments 3 and 4, access to paper strips was made contingent upon performance of an arbitrary operant (key pressing). The majority of subjects continued to key press and gather paper after the cessation of carrying, but at a reduced level. Furthermore, key pressing to gather only occurred if the operant-reinforcer distance was very small. It is concluded that gathering per se is less reinforcing than gathering plus carrying and building. In Experiment 5, amount of gathering per reinforcement was varied by using different widths of paper. Number of reinforcements per session was positively related to paper width, providing further evidence that gathering is reinforcing. It is concluded that gathering is at least to some extent autonomously controlled, and that it is a weak positive reinforcer. However the results also suggest that other reinforcing events are present at a later stage in the nest building sequence. Some theories concerning the causation of selfsustaining activities, and their implications for unitary drive theories, are discussed.

scholarly journals Neural Circuits Underlying Nest Building in Male Zebra Finches

2020 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 943-954 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie C Edwards ◽  
Zachary J Hall ◽  
Eira Ihalainen ◽  
Valerie R Bishop ◽  
Elisa T Nicklas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Behavior ◽  
Nest Building ◽  
Lateral Septum ◽  
Early Gene ◽  
Zebra Finches ◽  
Nest Material ◽  
Motor Pathway ◽  
Nest Box ◽  
The Social ◽  
Behavior Network

Abstract Nest building consists of a series of motor actions, which are concomitant with activity in regions of the anterior motor pathway, the social behavior network, and the reward circuity in nest building adult male zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata). It is not clear, however, whether this activity is due to nest building, collection, and/or manipulation of nest material. To identify which areas of the brain are specifically involved, we used immunohistochemistry to quantify the immediate early gene c-Fos in male zebra finches that were nest building (Building), birds given a nest box but could interact only with tied down nest material (Fixed), and birds that were not given a nest box or nest material (Control). We investigated the following brain regions: the anterior motor pathway (anterior ventral mesopallium [AMV], AN, anterior striatum [ASt]), areas of the social behavior network (bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, dorsomedial subdivision [BSTmd], lateral septum [LS]), the dopaminergic reward circuitry (ventral tegmental area), and the cerebellum. We found that there was greater Fos immunoreactivity expression in the BSTmd, LS, and AMV with increased material deposition; in LS, AMV ASt, and Folium VI with increased material carrying; in LS, AMV, and ASt with increased nest material tucking; and in LS and all folia (except Folium VIII) with increased tugging at tied down material. These data confirm a functional role for areas of the anterior motor pathway, social behavior network, and the cerebellum in nest material collection and manipulation by birds.

Incubation and Nest-Building Behaviour of Black-Headed Gulls III : the Pre-Laying Period

Behaviour ◽  
1963 ◽  
Vol 21 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 13-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.G. Beer
Keyword(s):  
Nest Building ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Brood Patch ◽  
Temporal Proximity ◽  
Incubation Behaviour ◽  
Nesting Behaviour ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Building Behaviour ◽  
Natural Situation ◽  
Close Temporal Proximity

Abstract(I) Elements of incubation behaviour and nest-building behaviour that are performed by Black-headed Gulls in the pre-laying period are described as they appear in the natural situation and when a model egg is placed in the nest. (2) Quantitative material is presented and shows the following:- (a) Time spent on the territory, time spent sitting in the nest, the frequency of settling, the proportion of complete settlings, the proportion of relatively long combinations of pre-settling movements, and the frequency of sideways-building all increase steadily as the date of laying draws closer. This is not true for time spent by partners together on the territory or the frequency of collecting trips. (b) Time spent on the territory, time spent sitting in the nest, the frequency of settling, and the frequency of sideways-building vary together to significant extents; this is at least partly a result of common correlation with the passing of time. Settling and sideways-building, however, remain highly significantly correlated after the effects of common correlation with all other variables are eliminated. (c) Performances of settling and sideways-building tend to occur in close temporal proximity to each other. (d) Comparison with the behaviour in the natural situation shows that presence of an egg in the pre-laying period depresses the amount of time spent on the territory somewhat but increases the amount of time spent sitting in the nest, the frequency of settling, and the frequency of sideways-building. Frequency of collecting trips and amounts of time partners were together on the territory were not affected by presence of the model egg. Presence of an egg in the nest is almost a necessary condition for performance of shifting and quivering in the pre-laying period. (e) Most collecting trips are performed when the partners are together on the territory. This is not true for settling or sideways-building. (f) Males perform more settlings, more sideways-building movements, more collecting trips, and spend more time sitting in the nest than females but the partners spend more or less equal amounts of time on the territory. (g) The evidence suggests that sideways-building has more causal affinity with settling and sitting in the nest than with collecting trips. (3) A sample of brood-patch and gonad measurements from birds found at different stages of the pre-laying period indicate that, in both males and females, defeathering of the brood patches begins some time before eggs are laid, and that changes in these structures may develop parallel with, and be implicated in, the changes in sitting and nesting behaviour in the pre-laying period.

scholarly journals Preference of rabbit does among different nest materials

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 81 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.P. Farkas ◽  
Zs. Szendrő ◽  
Zs. Matics ◽  
I. Radnai ◽  
I. Nagy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Building Materials ◽  
Nest Building ◽  
Gestation Length ◽  
Wild Rabbit ◽  
Nest Material ◽  
Nest Box ◽  
Nest Boxes ◽  
Wood Shavings ◽  
Nest Materials ◽  
Nest Quality

Nest quality is important for the survival of new-born rabbits. Nesting material in rabbit farms generally consists of wood shavings, which is completely different from the dry grass used by the European wild rabbit (<em>Oryctolagus cuniculus</em>). The aim of the experiments was to examine which nest materials are preferred by rabbit does when building their nest. In experiment 1, the choice of multiparous rabbit does (n=37) among nest boxes bedded with different nesting materials was monitored. In each pen (1.0×1.83 m) 1 doe and 4 nest boxes (0.37×0.23×0.31 m) with different nest materials (meadow hay [H], wheat straw [S], fine fibre material [Lignocel<sup>®</sup>, L] or wood shavings [W]) were placed 3 days before the expected parturition (gestation length is about 31 d in the Pannon White breed). Some 48.6% of the does kindled in nest boxes that contained pure materials (L: 40.5%, S: 5.4%, H: 2.7%), and 51.3% of the does kindled in nest boxes where the nest materials of different nest boxes were mixed by the does (S with L: 21.5%, S with L and H: 5.4%, W with L: 8.1%, L with H and S: 5.4%). Does preferred kindling in the nest box bedded with L, and most of them refused the nest box with W. In experiment 2/a (n=32 does) and 2/b (n=25 does), each pen (1×0.91 m) was equipped with 3 and 2 hay racks and filled with H, S or L, and H or S, respectively. The experiments lasted from the 27<sup>th</sup> day of pregnancy until the day of parturition and 24-h video recordings (10 does/experiment) were evaluated throughout the experiment. The events of carrying the nest materials from the hay racks were registered. In experiment 2/a, the frequency of nest material carrying was highest on the day of parturition. The preferred nest material was L (compared to H and S) on each experimental day except day 30 of pregnancy. At the day of kindling, 87.5, 6.3 and 6.3% of the nests contained pure L, mixed L-H and L-S, respectively. In experiment 2/b, the frequency of nest material carrying (mostly S) was highest on the day of parturition, and on days 27 and 30 of pregnancy. More does built nests with only S (72%) than H (16%), and in 12% of the cases the S and H were mixed. For the purpose of nest building, material S was the most frequently used (72%) compared to other possibilities (H: 16%, S-H: 12%). It can be concluded that rabbit does showed the following clear preferences for specific nest building materials: L&gt;S&gt;H&gt;W.

In-vivo evaluation of the effect of cyanoacrylate on prosthetic vascular graft infection – does cyanoacrylate increase the severity of infection?

VASA ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 281-284
Author(s):  
Atıf Yolgosteren ◽  
Gencehan Kumtepe ◽  
Melda Payaslioglu ◽  
Cuneyt Ozakin
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Graft ◽  
Graft Infection ◽  
Vascular Graft Infection ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Prosthetic Vascular Graft Infection ◽  
Group 1

Summary. Background: Prosthetic vascular graft infection (PVGI) is a complication with high mortality. Cyanoacrylate (CA) is an adhesive which has been used in a number of surgical procedures. In this in-vivo study, we aimed to evaluate the relationship between PVGI and CA. Materials and methods: Thirty-two rats were equally divided into four groups. Pouch was formed on back of rats until deep fascia. In group 1, vascular graft with polyethyleneterephthalate (PET) was placed into pouch. In group 2, MRSA strain with a density of 1 ml 0.5 MacFarland was injected into pouch. In group 3, 1 cm 2 vascular graft with PET piece was placed into pouch and MRSA strain with a density of 1 ml 0.5 MacFarland was injected. In group 4, 1 cm 2 vascular graft with PET piece impregnated with N-butyl cyanoacrylate-based adhesive was placed and MRSA strain with a density of 1 ml 0.5 MacFarland was injected. All rats were scarified in 96th hour, culture samples were taken where intervention was performed and were evaluated microbiologically. Bacteria reproducing in each group were numerically evaluated based on colony-forming unit (CFU/ml) and compared by taking their average. Results: MRSA reproduction of 0 CFU/ml in group 1, of 1410 CFU/ml in group 2, of 180 200 CFU/ml in group 3 and of 625 300 CFU/ml in group 4 was present. A statistically significant difference was present between group 1 and group 4 (p < 0.01), between group 2 and group 4 (p < 0.01), between group 3 and group 4 (p < 0.05). In terms of reproduction, no statistically significant difference was found in group 1, group 2, group 3 in themselves. Conclusions: We observed that the rate of infection increased in the cyanoacyrylate group where cyanoacrylate was used. We think that surgeon should be more careful in using CA in vascular surgery.

The influence of continuous local wound infusion on postoperative pain in patients undergoing transfemoral amputation

VASA ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 381-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Uhl ◽  
Thomas Betz ◽  
Andrea Rupp ◽  
Markus Steinbauer ◽  
Ingolf Töpel
Keyword(s):  
Pain Management ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
Local Anaesthetic ◽  
Phantom Pain ◽  
Transfemoral Amputation ◽  
Postoperative Wound ◽  
Stump Pain ◽  
Management Protocol ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

Abstract. Summary: Background: This pilot study was set up to examine the effects of a continuous postoperative wound infusion system with a local anaesthetic on perioperative pain and the consumption of analgesics. Patients and methods: We included 42 patients in this prospective observational pilot study. Patients were divided into two groups. One group was treated in accordance with the WHO standard pain management protocol and in addition to that received a continuous local wound infusion treatment (Group 1). Group 2 was treated with analgesics in accordance with the WHO standard pain management protocol, exclusively. Results: The study demonstrated a significantly reduced postoperative VAS score for stump pain in Group 1 for the first 5 days. Furthermore, the intake of opiates was significantly reduced in Group 1 (day 1, Group 1: 42.1 vs. Group 2: 73.5, p = 0.010; day 2, Group 1: 27.7 vs. Group 2: 52.5, p = 0.012; day 3, Group 1: 23.9 vs. Group 2: 53.5, p = 0.002; day 4, Group 1: 15.7 vs. Group 2: 48.3, p = 0.003; day 5, Group 1 13.3 vs. Group 2: 49.9, p = 0.001). There were no significant differences between the two groups, neither in phantom pain intensity at discharge nor postoperative complications and death. Conclusions: Continuous postoperative wound infusion with a local anaesthetic in combination with a standard pain management protocol can reduce both stump pain and opiate intake in patients who have undergone transfemoral amputation. Phantom pain was not significantly affected.

Abnormal Haemostasis and Blood Viscosity in Malignant Hypertension

1984 ◽  
Vol 52 (03) ◽  
pp. 253-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
C Isles ◽  
G D O Lowe ◽  
B M Rankin ◽  
C D Forbes ◽  
N Lucie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Blood Viscosity ◽  
Renal Damage ◽  
Antithrombin Iii ◽  
Plasma Viscosity ◽  
Malignant Hypertension ◽  
Fibrin Deposition ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

SummaryWe have previously shown abnormalities of haemostasis suggestive of intravascular coagulation in patients with malignant hypertension, a condition associated with retinopathy and renal fibrin deposition. To determine whether such abnormalities are specific to malignant hypertension, we have measured several haemostatic and haemorheological variables in 18 patients with malignant hypertension (Group 1), 18 matched healthy controls (Group 2), and 18 patients with non-malignant hypertension (Group 3) matched for renal pathology, blood pressure and serum creatinine with Group 1. Both Groups 1 and 3 had increased mean levels of fibrinogen, factor VIIIc, beta-thrombo- globulin, plasma viscosity and blood viscosity (corrected for haematocrit); and decreased mean levels of haematocrit, antithrombin III and platelet count. Mean levels of fast antiplasmin and alpha2-macroglobulin were elevated in Group 1 but not in Group 3. We conclude that most blood abnormalities are not specific to malignant hypertension; are also present in patients with non-malignant hypertension who have similar levels of blood pressure and renal damage; and might result from renal damage as well as promoting further renal damage by enhancing fibrin deposition. However increased levels of fibrinolytic inhibitors in malignant hypertension merit further investigation in relation to removal of renal fibrin.

Total Knee Arthroplasty after Previous Ipsilateral Hip Arthroplasty Showed Lower Clinical Outcomes and Higher Leg Length Discrepancy Perception

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Han-Jun Lee ◽  
Seong Hwan Kim ◽  
Nicolas Pujol ◽  
Yong-Beom Park
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Outcomes ◽  
Hip Arthroplasty ◽  
Leg Length ◽  
Function Score ◽  
Patient’S Satisfaction ◽  
Length Discrepancy ◽  
Total Knee ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Ks Function ◽  
Group 1

AbstractThe purpose of this study is to compare perception of leg length discrepancy (LLD) and clinical results of total knee arthroplasties (TKA) in patients with or without previous ipsilateral hip arthroplasty. Between 2008 and 2015, navigation-assisted TKA was performed in 43 patients with previous hip arthroplasty after hip fracture. After 1:3 propensity score matching was performed, 108 patients of primary navigation-assisted TKA (group 1) and 36 patients with hip arthroplasty (group 2) were included. Knee Society (KS) scores, Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Index (WOMAC) scores, and patients' satisfaction including perception of LLD were evaluated. Radiographic evaluation included mechanical axis, component position, and LLD. Logistic regression analysis was performed to find the factors that affect the clinical outcomes. No significant differences in radiologic and clinical evaluations, except for KS function score, patient's satisfaction and LLD (p< 0.001), were detected between the groups. LLD and its perception were significantly higher in group 2 (1.8 ± 3.4 mm in group 1 and 9.7 ± 4.1 mm in group 2, p = 0.000). Risk factors for the low KS function score were found as LLD (odds ratio [OR]: 1.403, p = 0.008) and previous hip arthroplasty itself (OR: 15.755, p = 0.002), but much higher OR was found in previous hip arthroplasty. Although the outcomes of TKA in patients with ipsilateral hip arthroplasty are comparable to those of primary TKA, LLD was high and patient's satisfaction and functional outcomes were low in patients with previous ipsilateral hip arthroplasty. Care should be taken when considering TKA in patients with previous hip arthroplasty. This is a Level III, case control study.

Clinical and Radiological Changes after use of Alpha-1 Blocker Therapy in Patients of Posterior Urethral Valve with Bladder Neck Hypertrophy

JMS SKIMS ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-7
Author(s):  
Aejaz A Baba ◽  
Bajpai Minu
Keyword(s):  
Bladder Neck ◽  
Posterior Urethral Valve ◽  
Posterior Urethral Valves ◽  
Blocker Therapy ◽  
Urethral Valve ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
Radiological Changes ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Mean Time ◽  
Group 1

Background: We evaluated the effects of alpha-1 blocker therapy on clinical and radiological abnormalities in patients of posterior urethral valve with bladder neck hypertrophy. Materials and Methods: A total of 74 patients with posterior urethral valves were seen at our department between 2003 and 2007. Out of these 24 had radiological evidence of bladder neck hypertrophy. Those patients with bladder neck hypertrophy who were seen before June 2006 and did not receive alpha-1 blocker (prazocin) therapy after valve ablation were assigned to group 1 (n=10). Group 2 consisted of 14 age matched patients with bladder neck hypertrophy and comparable prognostic factors who received alpha-1 blocker therapy after valve ablation (n=14). Micturating cystourethrography (MCU) was done periodically and a novel method used to calculate bladder neck hypertrophy. Trends in symptoms and radiological changes were evaluated throughout follow-up. Results: Mean patient age at presentation was 3.02±2.68 years in group 1 and 3.12±3.4 years in group 2. Bladder neck hypertrophy decreased from 2.3±1.0 to 2.0±0.5 in a mean time of 52.0 (34-52) weeks in group 1 where as it decreased from 2.2±0.5 to 1.6±0.3 in a mean time of 32.0 (22-52) weeks. Symptomatically patients in group 2 who received alpha-1 blocker therapy after valve ablation were better and had quick resolution of bladder neck hypertrophy. Conclusions: Use of alpha-1 blocker therapy in patients of posterior urethral valve with bladder neck hypertrophy helps in quick resolution of bladder neck hypertrophy. J Med Sci 2009;12(1):3-7.

Preoperative Platelet to Lymphocyte Ratio Is Associated with Early Morbidity and Mortality after Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hüseyin Şaşkın ◽  
Çagrı Düzyol ◽  
Kazım Serhan Özcan ◽  
Rezan Aksoy ◽  
Mustafa Idiz
Keyword(s):  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting ◽  
Coronary Artery Bypass ◽  
Artery Bypass ◽  
Bypass Grafting ◽  
Platelet To Lymphocyte Ratio ◽  
Artery Bypass Grafting ◽  
Lymphocyte Ratio ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

<strong>Objective:</strong> To investigate the association of platelet to lymphocyte ratio to mortality and morbidity after coronary artery bypass grafting operation.<br /><strong>Methods:</strong> We evaluated records of 916 patients who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting operation between January 2009 and May 2014 retrospectively. Patients were grouped as Group 1 (n = 604) if the platelet to lymphocyte ratio was above 142 and Group 2 (n = 312) if platelet to lymphocyte ratio was below 142.<br /><strong>Results:</strong> The number of patients who developed a neurologic event during the hospital stay and in the first postoperative month was 7 (1.2%) in Group 1 and 12 (3.8%) in Group 2 for which the difference was statistically significant (P = .007). Early term mortality occurred in 3 patients (0.5%) in Group 1 and in 10 patients (3.2%) in Group 2 for which the difference was statistically highly significant (P = .001). In univariate and multivariate regression analysis, the preoperative platelet to lymphocyte ratio was determined as an independent risk factor for occurrence of atrial fibrillation in the early postoperative period, reoperation for sternum dehiscence, occurrence of a neurologic event, prolonged stay in the hospital and mortality.<br /><strong>Conclusion:</strong> In this study, elevated levels of platelet to lymphocyte ratio were associated with mortality and morbidity after coronary artery bypass grafting operation.

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