scholarly journals Prediction and validation of total and regional fat mass by B-mode ultrasound in Japanese pre-pubertal children

2011 ◽  
Vol 106 (6) ◽  
pp. 944-950 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taishi Midorikawa ◽  
Megumi Ohta ◽  
Yuki Hikihara ◽  
Suguru Torii ◽  
Michael G. Bemben ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fat Mass ◽  
Model Development ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Validation Group ◽  
Prediction Equations ◽  
Fat Thickness ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Scanning Head ◽  
Body Scanner ◽  
Development Group

The present study was performed to develop regression-based prediction equations for fat mass by ultrasound in Japanese children and to investigate the validity of these equations. A total of 127 healthy Japanese pre-pubertal children aged 6–12 years were randomly separated into two groups: the model development group (fifty-four boys and forty-four girls) and the validation group (eighteen boys and eleven girls). Total body, trunk, arm and leg fat masses were initially determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA, Delphi A-QDR whole-body scanner; Hologic, Inc., Bedford, MA, USA). Then, fat thickness was measured by B-mode ultrasound (5 MHz scanning head) at nine sites (arm: lateral forearm, anterior and posterior upper arm; trunk: abdomen and subscapular; leg: anterior and posterior thigh, anterior and posterior lower leg). Regression analyses were used to describe the relationships between the site-matched fat masses (total body, arm, trunk and leg) obtained by DXA and ultrasound in the development group. When these fat mass prediction equations were applied to the validation group, the measured total and regional fat mass was very similar to the predicted fat mass (mean difference calculated as predicted −  measured fat mass ± 2 sd; total body 0·1 (sd 0·5) kg, arm 0·1 (sd 0·3) kg, trunk − 0·1 (sd 0·3) kg, leg 0·1 (sd 0·5) kg for boys; total body 0·5 (sd 1·3) kg, arm 0·0 (sd 0·3) kg, trunk 0·1 (sd 0·8) kg, leg 0·3 (sd 0·6) kg for girls), and the Bland–Altman analysis did not indicate a bias. These results suggest that ultrasound-derived prediction equations for boys and girls are useful for estimating total and regional fat mass.

scholarly journals Prediction and validation of total and regional skeletal muscle volume using B-mode ultrasonography in Japanese prepubertal children

2015 ◽  
Vol 114 (8) ◽  
pp. 1209-1217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taishi Midorikawa ◽  
Megumi Ohta ◽  
Yuki Hikihara ◽  
Suguru Torii ◽  
Shizuo Sakamoto
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Model Development ◽  
Cervical Vertebra ◽  
Muscle Thickness ◽  
Muscle Volume ◽  
Slice Thickness ◽  
Validation Group ◽  
Prediction Equations ◽  
Prepubertal Children ◽  
Development Group

AbstractVery few effective field methods are available for accurate, non-invasive estimation of skeletal muscle volume (SMV) and mass in children. We aimed to develop regression-based prediction equations for SMV, using ultrasonography, in Japanese prepubertal children, and to assess the validity of these equations. In total, 145 healthy Japanese prepubertal children aged 6–12 years were randomly divided into two groups: the model development group (sixty boys, thirty-seven girls) and the validation group (twenty-nine boys, nineteen girls). Reference data in the form of contiguous MRI with 1-cm slice thickness were obtained from the first cervical vertebra to the ankle joints. The SMV was calculated by the summation of digitised cross-sectional areas. Muscle thickness was measured using B-mode ultrasonography at nine sites in different regions. In the model development group, strong, statistically significant correlations were observed between the site-matched SMV (total, arms, trunk, thigh and lower legs) measured by MRI and the muscle thickness×height measures obtained by ultrasonography, for both boys and girls. When these SMV prediction equations were applied to the validation groups, the measured total and regional SMV were also very similar to the values predicted for boys and girls, respectively. With the exception of the trunk region in girls, the Bland–Altman analysis for the validation group did not indicate any bias for either boys or girls. These results suggest that ultrasonography-derived prediction equations for boys and girls are useful for the estimation of total and regional SMV.

scholarly journals Derivation and validation of simple anthropometric equations to predict adipose tissue mass and total fat mass with MRI as the reference method

2015 ◽  
Vol 114 (11) ◽  
pp. 1852-1867 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasmin Y. Al-Gindan ◽  
Catherine R. Hankey ◽  
Lindsay Govan ◽  
Dympna Gallagher ◽  
Steven B. Heymsfield ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Prediction Equations ◽  
Tissue Mass ◽  
Adipose Tissue Mass ◽  
Total Body Fat ◽  
Total Adipose Tissue ◽  
Total Body

AbstractThe reference organ-level body composition measurement method is MRI. Practical estimations of total adipose tissue mass (TATM), total adipose tissue fat mass (TATFM) and total body fat are valuable for epidemiology, but validated prediction equations based on MRI are not currently available. We aimed to derive and validate new anthropometric equations to estimate MRI-measured TATM/TATFM/total body fat and compare them with existing prediction equations using older methods. The derivation sample included 416 participants (222 women), aged between 18 and 88 years with BMI between 15·9 and 40·8 (kg/m2). The validation sample included 204 participants (110 women), aged between 18 and 86 years with BMI between 15·7 and 36·4 (kg/m2). Both samples included mixed ethnic/racial groups. All the participants underwent whole-body MRI to quantify TATM (dependent variable) and anthropometry (independent variables). Prediction equations developed using stepwise multiple regression were further investigated for agreement and bias before validation in separate data sets. Simplest equations with optimalR2and Bland–Altman plots demonstrated good agreement without bias in the validation analyses: men: TATM (kg)=0·198 weight (kg)+0·478 waist (cm)−0·147 height (cm)−12·8 (validation:R20·79, CV=20 %, standard error of the estimate (SEE)=3·8 kg) and women: TATM (kg)=0·789 weight (kg)+0·0786 age (years)−0·342 height (cm)+24·5 (validation:R20·84, CV=13 %, SEE=3·0 kg). Published anthropometric prediction equations, based on MRI and computed tomographic scans, correlated strongly with MRI-measured TATM: (R20·70−0·82). Estimated TATFM correlated well with published prediction equations for total body fat based on underwater weighing (R20·70–0·80), with mean bias of 2·5–4·9 kg, correctable with log-transformation in most equations. In conclusion, new equations, using simple anthropometric measurements, estimated MRI-measured TATM with correlations and agreements suitable for use in groups and populations across a wide range of fatness.

Validity of segmental bioelectrical impedance analysis for estimating fat-free mass in children including overweight individuals

2017 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megumi Ohta ◽  
Taishi Midorikawa ◽  
Yuki Hikihara ◽  
Yoshihisa Masuo ◽  
Shizuo Sakamoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis ◽  
Cross Validation ◽  
Model Development ◽  
Bioelectrical Impedance ◽  
Impedance Analysis ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Body Segments ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Development Group ◽  
Segmental Bioelectrical Impedance

This study examined the validity of segmental bioelectrical impedance (BI) analysis for predicting the fat-free masses (FFMs) of whole-body and body segments in children including overweight individuals. The FFM and impedance (Z) values of arms, trunk, legs, and whole body were determined using a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and segmental BI analyses, respectively, in 149 boys and girls aged 6 to 12 years, who were divided into model-development (n = 74), cross-validation (n = 35), and overweight (n = 40) groups. Simple regression analysis was applied to (length)2/Z (BI index) for each of the whole-body and 3 segments to develop the prediction equations of the measured FFM of the related body part. In the model-development group, the BI index of each of the 3 segments and whole body was significantly correlated to the measured FFM (R2 = 0.867–0.932, standard error of estimation = 0.18–1.44 kg (5.9%–8.7%)). There was no significant difference between the measured and predicted FFM values without systematic error. The application of each equation derived in the model-development group to the cross-validation and overweight groups did not produce significant differences between the measured and predicted FFM values and systematic errors, with an exception that the arm FFM in the overweight group was overestimated. Segmental bioelectrical impedance analysis is useful for predicting the FFM of each of whole-body and body segments in children including overweight individuals, although the application for estimating arm FFM in overweight individuals requires a certain modification.

Predicting body fat and body mass in moose with ultrasonography

1998 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 717-722 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas R Stephenson ◽  
Kris J Hundertmark ◽  
Charles C Schwartz ◽  
Victor Van Ballenberghe
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Reproductive Potential ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
The Body ◽  
Total Body Fat ◽  
Fat Thickness ◽  
Free Body ◽  
Total Body

Lipids are the primary energy store of the body and estimation of these reserves provides an indication of nutritional status in moose (Alces alces). Estimates of total body fat enhance our understanding of reproductive potential, survival rate, energy balance, and nutritional carrying capacity. We developed predictive equations of total body fat and body mass from ultrasonographic fat measurements for application in live animals. We detected a strong linear relationship (r2 = 0.96) between ingesta-free body fat and rump fat thickness measured by ultrasonography. Rump fat thickness was measurable over a range of body fat levels (5.8-19.1%). Rump fat mass (r2 = 0.92) and kidney fat mass (r2 = 0.95) were curvilinearly related to ingesta-free body fat level. For adult females, total length and chest girth were not related to body mass. Ingesta-free body fat, however, explained 81% of the variability in body mass, and ultrasonically measured rump fat thickness predicted body mass (r2 = 0.80).

Perspectives of brain imaging with PET systems

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stan Majewski
Keyword(s):  
Whole Body ◽  
Compton Imaging ◽  
High Performing ◽  
Development Path ◽  
Brain Pet ◽  
Moderate Resolution ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Body Scanner ◽  
Pet Scanners ◽  
Very High

Abstract In this partial review and partial attempt at vision of what may be the future of dedicated brain PET scanners, the key implementations of the PET technique, we postulate that we are still on a development path and there is still a lot to be done in order to develop optimal brain imagers. Optimized for particular imaging tasks and protocols, and also mobile, that can be used outside the PET center, in addition to the expected improvements in sensitivity and resolution. For this multi-application concept to be more practical, flexible, adaptable designs are preferred. This task is greatly facilitated by the improved TOF performance that allows for more open, adjustable, limited angular coverage geometries without creating image artifacts. As achieving uniform very high resolution in the whole body is not practical due to technological limits and high costs, hybrid systems using a moderate-resolution total body scanner (such as J-PET) combined with a very high performing brain imager could be a very attractive approach. As well, as using magnification inserts in the total body or long-axial length imagers to visualize selected targets with higher resolution. In addition, multigamma imagers combining PET with Compton imaging should be developed to enable multitracer imaging.

Potassium per kilogram fat-free mass and total body potassium: predictions from sex, age, and anthropometry

2003 ◽  
Vol 284 (2) ◽  
pp. E416-E423 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingrid Larsson ◽  
Anna Karin Lindroos ◽  
Markku Peltonen ◽  
Lars Sjöström
Keyword(s):  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Primary Study ◽  
Study Group ◽  
Validation Group ◽  
Total Body Potassium ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Body Counting ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Whole Body Counting

Total body potassium (TBK) is located mainly intracellularly and constitutes an index of fat-free mass (FFM). The aim was to examine whether TBK and the TBK-to-FFM ratio (TBK/FFM) can be estimated from sex, age, weight, and height. A primary study group (164 males, 205 females) and a validation group (161 and 206), aged 37–61 yr, were randomly selected from the general population. TBK was determined by whole body counting, and FFM was obtained by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA; FFMDEXA). The primary study group was used to construct sex-specific equations predicting TBK and TBK/FFM from age, weight, and height. The equations were used to estimate TBK and TBK/FFM in the validation group. The estimates were compared with measured values. TBK in different age ranges was predicted, with errors ranging from 5.0 to 6.8%; errors for TBK/FFM ranged from 2.7 to 4.8%, respectively. By adding FFMDEXA as a fourth predictor, the error of the TBK prediction decreased by approximately two percentage units. In conclusion, TBK and TBK/FFM can be meaningfully estimated from sex, age, weight, and height.

scholarly journals Fat and fat-free mass index references in children and young adults: assessments along racial and ethnic lines

2020 ◽  
Vol 112 (3) ◽  
pp. 566-575 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roman J Shypailo ◽  
William W Wong
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Nutrition Status ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Health And Nutrition ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Racial Ethnic

ABSTRACT Background Fat-free mass index (FFMI) and fat mass index (FMI) are superior to BMI and fat percentage in evaluating nutritional status. However, existing references fail to account for racial/ethnic differences in body composition among children. Objectives Our goal was to produce age-based normative references for FFMI and FMI in children for specific racial/ethnic groups. Methods Body composition, weight, and height were measured in 1122 normal healthy children aged 2–21 y. Bone mineral content measured by DXA, total body water by deuterium dilution, and total body potassium by whole-body γ counting were combined to calculate fat-free mass (FFM) and fat mass (FM) using equations based on the Reference Child and Adolescent models. FFMI and FMI were calculated by dividing FFM and FM by height squared, respectively. After outlier removal, the LMS (Lambda-Mu-Sigma) function within R's GAMLSS package was used to produce age-based FFMI and FMI growth curves for black (B), white (W), and Hispanic (H) children for each sex. Combined models were produced in cases where outcomes did not differ by race/ethnicity. Resulting models were compared with previously published FFMI and FMI models. Results FFMI and FMI models based on 1079 children, aged 2–21 y, were created for both sexes. FFMI models for B children showed higher values throughout. W and H children were combined to produce FFMI models for each sex. H boys were modeled individually for FMI, whereas W and B boys were combined. FMI models for girls were created for each race/ethnicity. Models agreed well with those based on children from the United Kingdom of comparable race/ethnicity. Conclusions Race/ethnicity-specific references for FFMI and FMI will increase the accuracy of health and nutrition status assessment in children over race/ethnicity-generic references. The models allow the calculation of SD scores to assess health and nutrition status in children.

scholarly journals Sarcopenic Obesity in Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn Vera ◽  
Mary McConville ◽  
Michael Kyba ◽  
Manda Keller-Ross
Keyword(s):  
Muscular Dystrophy ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Lean Mass ◽  
Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy ◽  
Sarcopenic Obesity ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Total Body Mass ◽  
Appendicular Lean Mass ◽  
Total Body

Abstract Background: Sarcopenic obesity has been observed in people with neuromuscular impairment, and is linked to adverse health outcomes.It is unclear, however, if sarcopenia obesity develops in adults with facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD). Methods: This research was designed to determine if adults with FSHD meet criteria for sarcopenic obesity (appendicular lean mass index (ALMI) scores of <7.26 kg/m2 or 5.45 kg/m2; % body fat of >28% or 40% in men/women). Ten people with FSHD (50±11 years, 2 females) and ten age/sex-matched controls (47±13 years, 2 females) completed one visit, which included a full-body dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scan. Regional and whole body total mass (g), fat mass (FM, (g, %)), and lean mass (LM, (g, %)) were collected; body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) and and sarcopenia measures (appendicular lean mass (sum of arm/leg lean mass, ALM (kg)), ALMI (kg/m2)) were computed. Results: Although total body mass was similar between adults with FSHD and controls (84.5±12.9 vs. 81.8±13.5 kg, respectively; p=0.65), the proportion of mass due to fat was much higher in FSHD, with many individuals having >50% mass due to fat (means: 40.8±7.0 vs. 27.9±7.5%; p=0.001). ALM volume was 23% lower and ALMI was 27% lower in FSHD (p<0.01). Whole body LM trended to be lower in FSHD vs. controls (p=0.05) and arm and leg LM were both lower in FSHD compared with controls (p<0.05). Furthermore, the % LM was 18% lower in FSHD vs. controls (p=0.001). FSHD participants exhibited greater total body FM (p<0.01), total leg fat mass (p<0.001), and but similar total arm fat mass (p=0.09). Conclusions: These data demonstrate that people with FSHD, although similar in total body mass to controls, commonly meet the definition of sarcopenic obesity, with significant consequences for quality of life, and implications for disease management.

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