Comparison between type A and type B early adiposity rebound in predicting overweight and obesity in children: a longitudinal study

2020 ◽  
Vol 124 (5) ◽  
pp. 501-512
Author(s):  
Johanna Roche ◽  
Sylvain Quinart ◽  
David Thivel ◽  
Stéphanie Pasteur ◽  
Frédéric Mauny ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
Type A ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Type B ◽  
Health Records ◽  
Adiposity Rebound ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Bmi Trajectory ◽  
Postnatal Factors

AbstractEarly adiposity rebound (EAR) predicts paediatric overweight/obesity, but current approaches do not consider both the starting point of EAR and the BMI trajectory. We compared the clinical characteristics at birth, age 3–5 and 6–8 years of children, according to the EAR and to its type (type A/type B-EAR). We assessed the childrenʼs odds of being classified as overweight/obese at age 6–8 years, according to the type of EAR as defined at age 3–5 years. As part of this two-wave observational study, 1055 children were recruited and examined at age 3–5 years. Antenatal and postnatal information was collected through interviews with parents, and weight and height from the health records. Type A and type B-EAR were defined in wave 1 according to the BMI nadir and the variation of BMI z-score between the starting point of the adiposity rebound and the last point on the curve. At 6–8 years (wave 2), 867 children were followed up; 426 (40·4 %) children demonstrated EAR. Among them, 172 had type A-EAR, higher rates of parental obesity (P < 0·05) and greater birth weight compared with other children (P < 0·001). Odds for overweight/obesity at 6–8 years, when adjusting for antenatal and postnatal factors, was 21·35 (95 % CI 10·94, 41·66) in type A-EAR children and not significant in type B-EAR children (OR 1·76; 95 % CI 0·84, 3·68) compared with children without EAR. Classification of EAR into two subtypes provides physicians with a reliable approach to identify children at risk for overweight/obesity before the age of 5 years.

A New Classification of Cochleovestibular Malformations and Implications for Predicting Speech Perception Ability after Cochlear Implantation

2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 90-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sung-Wook Jeong ◽  
Lee-Suk Kim
Keyword(s):  
Speech Perception ◽  
Cochlear Implantation ◽  
Test Scores ◽  
Type A ◽  
Cochlear Nerve ◽  
Type B ◽  
New Classification ◽  
Type D ◽  
Type C

Objectives: The aims of this study were to introduce a new classification of cochleovestibular malformation (CVM) and to investigate how well this classification can predict speech perception ability after cochlear implantation in children with CVM. Methods: Fifty-nine children with CVM who had used a cochlear implant for more than 3 years were included. CVM was classified into 4 subtypes based on the morphology of the cochlea and the modiolus on temporal bone computed tomography (TBCT): normal cochlea and normal modiolus (type A, n = 16), malformed cochlea and partial modiolus (type B, n = 31), malformed cochlea and no modiolus (type C, n = 6), and no cochlea and no modiolus (type D, n = 6). Speech perception test scores were compared between the subtypes of CVM using analysis of covariance with post hoc Bonferroni test. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses were used to identify the significant predictors of the speech perception test scores. Results: The speech perception test scores after implantation were significantly better in children with CVM type A or type B than in children with CVM type C or type D. The test scores did not differ significantly between the implanted children with CVM type A or type B and those without CVM. In univariate regression analysis, the type of CVM was a significant predictor of the speech perception test scores in implanted children with CVM. Multivariate regression analysis revealed that the age at cochlear implantation, cochlear nerve size and preimplantation speech perception test scores were significant predictors of the postimplantation speech perception test scores. The chance of cochlear nerve deficiency increased progressively from CVM type A to type D. Conclusion: The new classification of CVM based on the morphology of the cochlea and the modiolus is simple and easy to use, and correlated well with postimplantation speech perception ability and cochlear nerve status. This simple classification of CVM using TBCT with cochlear nerve assessment by magnetic resonance imaging is helpful in the preoperative evaluation of children with CVM.

scholarly journals Classification of osteonecrosis of the femoral head

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 451-458 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yutaka Kuroda ◽  
Takeyuki Tanaka ◽  
Takaki Miyagawa ◽  
Toshiyuki Kawai ◽  
Koji Goto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Femoral Head ◽  
Treatment Guidelines ◽  
Type A ◽  
Type B ◽  
Kaplan Meier ◽  
Joint Preserving Surgery ◽  
Asymptomatic Patients ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Collapse Rate

Objectives Using a simple classification method, we aimed to estimate the collapse rate due to osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) in order to develop treatment guidelines for joint-preserving surgeries. Methods We retrospectively analyzed 505 hips from 310 patients (141 men, 169 women; mean age 45.5 years (sd 14.9; 15 to 86)) diagnosed with ONFH and classified them using the Japanese Investigation Committee (JIC) classification. The JIC system includes four visualized types based on the location and size of osteonecrotic lesions on weightbearing surfaces (types A, B, C1, and C2) and the stage of ONFH. The collapse rate due to ONFH was calculated using Kaplan–Meier survival analysis, with radiological collapse/arthroplasty as endpoints. Results Bilateral cases accounted for 390 hips, while unilateral cases accounted for 115. According to the JIC types, 21 hips were type A, 34 were type B, 173 were type C1, and 277 were type C2. At initial diagnosis, 238/505 hips (47.0%) had already collapsed. Further, the cumulative survival rate was analyzed in 212 precollapsed hips, and the two-year and five-year collapse rates were found to be 0% and 0%, 7.9% and 7.9%, 23.2% and 36.6%, and 57.8% and 84.8% for types A, B, C1, and C2, respectively. Conclusion Type A ONFH needs no further treatment, but precollapse type C2 ONFH warrants immediate treatment with joint-preserving surgery. Considering the high collapse rate, our study results justify the importance of early diagnosis and intervention in asymptomatic patients with type C2 ONFH. Cite this article: Y. Kuroda, T. Tanaka, T. Miyagawa, T. Kawai, K. Goto, S. Tanaka, S. Matsuda, H. Akiyama. Classification of osteonecrosis of the femoral head: Who should have surgery?. Bone Joint Res 2019;8:451–458. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.810.BJR-2019-0022.R1.

Drug Allergies

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
James L Baldwin ◽  
Aimee L. Speck
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Drug Reactions ◽  
Skin Testing ◽  
Drug Hypersensitivity ◽  
Type A ◽  
World Health ◽  
Hypersensitivity Reactions ◽  
Type B ◽  
Drug Reactions ◽  
Drug Hypersensitivity Reactions

Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are an important public health problem. An ADR is defined by the World Health Organization as an unintended, noxious response to a drug that occurs at a dose usually tolerated by normal subjects. The classification of ADRs by Rawlins and Thompson divides ADRs into two major subtypes: (1) type A reactions, which are dose dependent and predictable, and (2) type B reactions, which are uncommon and unpredictable. The majority of ADRs are type A reactions, which include four subtypes: overdosage or toxicity, side effects, secondary effects, and interactions. Type B reactions constitute approximately 10 to 15% of all ADRs and include four subtypes: drug intolerance, idiosyncratic reactions, pseudoallergic reactions, and drug hypersensitivity reactions. This chapter reviews the epidemiology of ADRs, risk factors for drug hypersensitivity reactions, the classification of drug reactions, diagnostic tests, reactions to specific drugs, and management of the patient with drug allergy. Figures illustrate drugs as haptens and prohaptens, the Gell and Coombs system, the four basic immunologic mechanisms for drug reactions, the chemical structure of different β-lactam antibiotics, penicillin skin testing, sulfonamide metabolism and haptenation, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug effects, and patient management. Tables outline the classification of ADRs, drugs frequently implicated in allergic drug reactions, and reagents and concentrations recommended for prick and intradermal skin testing. This review contains 8 figures, 7 tables, and 60 references. Key Words: Adverse drug reactions, drug hypersensitivity reactions, overdosage, toxicity, Type A reactions, Type B reactions, human leukocyte antigen, pruritus, angioedema, urticarial, bronchospasm, laryngeal edema, rhinoconjunctivitis

Drug Allergies

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
James L Baldwin ◽  
Aimee L. Speck
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Drug Reactions ◽  
Skin Testing ◽  
Drug Hypersensitivity ◽  
Type A ◽  
World Health ◽  
Hypersensitivity Reactions ◽  
Type B ◽  
Drug Reactions ◽  
Drug Hypersensitivity Reactions

Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are an important public health problem. An ADR is defined by the World Health Organization as an unintended, noxious response to a drug that occurs at a dose usually tolerated by normal subjects. The classification of ADRs by Rawlins and Thompson divides ADRs into two major subtypes: (1) type A reactions, which are dose dependent and predictable, and (2) type B reactions, which are uncommon and unpredictable. The majority of ADRs are type A reactions, which include four subtypes: overdosage or toxicity, side effects, secondary effects, and interactions. Type B reactions constitute approximately 10 to 15% of all ADRs and include four subtypes: drug intolerance, idiosyncratic reactions, pseudoallergic reactions, and drug hypersensitivity reactions. This chapter reviews the epidemiology of ADRs, risk factors for drug hypersensitivity reactions, the classification of drug reactions, diagnostic tests, reactions to specific drugs, and management of the patient with drug allergy. Figures illustrate drugs as haptens and prohaptens, the Gell and Coombs system, the four basic immunologic mechanisms for drug reactions, the chemical structure of different β-lactam antibiotics, penicillin skin testing, sulfonamide metabolism and haptenation, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug effects, and patient management. Tables outline the classification of ADRs, drugs frequently implicated in allergic drug reactions, and reagents and concentrations recommended for prick and intradermal skin testing. This review contains 8 figures, 7 tables, and 60 references. Key Words: Adverse drug reactions, drug hypersensitivity reactions, overdosage, toxicity, Type A reactions, Type B reactions, human leukocyte antigen, pruritus, angioedema, urticarial, bronchospasm, laryngeal edema, rhinoconjunctivitis

scholarly journals A BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF ENCAPSULATUS PNEUMONIÆ (FRIEDLÄNDER'S BACILLUS)

1926 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis A. Julianelle
Keyword(s):  
Serological Test ◽  
Type A ◽  
Heterogeneous Group ◽  
Type B ◽  
Biological Classification ◽  
Type C ◽  
Working Out

A biological classification has been made of thirty strains of Friedländer's bacillus. This study reveals that there exist among these strains three sharply defined and specific types and one heterogeneous group. The three types are Type A, fifteen strains; Type B, six strains; Type C, three strains; and Group X, six strains. The agglutination, agglutinin adsorption, protection, thread, and precipitin reactions have been employed in the working out of this classification, and the types have been proved highly specific by means of each serological test.

Aortic dissection

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Chambers
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Aortic Dissection ◽  
Thoracic Aorta ◽  
Type A ◽  
Type B ◽  
Descending Thoracic Aorta

Aortic dissection is the separation of an endothelial flap from the underlying media. The natural history and management depend on the classification of dissection as either Type A, which involves the ascending thoracic aorta, or Type B, which involves only the descending thoracic aorta.

Drug Allergies

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
James L Baldwin ◽  
Aimee L. Speck
Keyword(s):  
Skin Testing ◽  
Drug Hypersensitivity ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Type A ◽  
World Health ◽  
Hypersensitivity Reactions ◽  
Type B ◽  
Drug Reactions ◽  
Drug Hypersensitivity Reactions

Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are an important public health problem. An ADR is defined by the World Health Organization as an unintended, noxious response to a drug that occurs at a dose usually tolerated by normal subjects. The classification of ADRs by Rawlins and Thompson divides ADRs into two major subtypes: (1) type A reactions, which are dose dependent and predictable, and (2) type B reactions, which are uncommon and unpredictable. The majority of ADRs are type A reactions, which include four subtypes: overdosage or toxicity, side effects, secondary effects, and interactions. Type B reactions constitute approximately 10 to 15% of all ADRs and include four subtypes: drug intolerance, idiosyncratic reactions, pseudoallergic reactions, and drug hypersensitivity reactions. This chapter reviews the epidemiology of ADRs, risk factors for drug hypersensitivity reactions, the classification of drug reactions, diagnostic tests, reactions to specific drugs, and management of the patient with drug allergy. Figures illustrate drugs as haptens and prohaptens, the Gell and Coombs system, the four basic immunologic mechanisms for drug reactions, the chemical structure of different β-lactam antibiotics, penicillin skin testing, sulfonamide metabolism and haptenation, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug effects, and patient management. Tables outline the classification of ADRs, drugs frequently implicated in allergic drug reactions, and reagents and concentrations recommended for prick and intradermal skin testing. This chapter contains 8 highly rendered figures, 3 tables, 83 references, 5 MCQs, and 1 teaching slide set.

A neurobiological hypothesis for the classification of schizophrenia: type a (hyperdopaminergic) and type B (normodopaminergic)

2014 ◽  
Vol 205 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver D. Howes ◽  
Shitij Kapur
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Response ◽  
Clinical Utility ◽  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Diagnostic Testing ◽  
Type A ◽  
Type B

SummarySchizophrenia is usually classified based on clinical presentation. However, the conventional paranoid–disorganised–residual distinctions have had limited clinical utility. Here we draw on the evidence for differences in pathophysiology underlying treatment response to propose a subclassification based on neurobiology to guide diagnostic testing and treatment.

Reliability of a Brief Scale for Assessment of Coronary-Prone Behavior and Standard Measures of Type a Behavior

1982 ◽  
Vol 55 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1039-1042 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurens D. Young ◽  
Joseph J. Barboriak
Keyword(s):  
Life Quality ◽  
Type A ◽  
Type A Behavior ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Type B ◽  
High Agreement ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Activity Survey ◽  
Coronary Prone Behavior

45 male volunteers were classified by the Structured Interview for Type A behavior and also by the Jenkins Activity Survey. Each subject also responded to a series of 10 questions taken from the Milwaukee Cardiovascular Life Quality Questionnaire. 10 items of the questionnaire were tested to form a scale, the Milwaukee questionnaire—10 for the classification of Type A and B coronary-prone behavior. Each response was rated as one if it was in the previously defined direction of Type A or as zero if in Type B direction. The mean response in this population was 3.56. Subjects scoring 0 to 3 were then classified as Type B and those scoring 4 and more as Type A. Subjects were also given two standard measures of Type A behavior, the Jenkins survey and the structured interview. Comparisons of Type A vs B classes were made between the Milwaukee questionnaire and the interview and the Jenkins survey. High agreement rating Type A behavior was found among instruments. The 10 items appear to provide a reliable and brief scale for rating Type A coronary-prone behavior.

The protympanum, protiniculum and subtensor recess: an endoscopic morphological anatomy study

2018 ◽  
Vol 132 (06) ◽  
pp. 489-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
N Jufas ◽  
A Rubini ◽  
D Soloperto ◽  
M Alnoury ◽  
M Tarabichi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Procedures ◽  
Anatomical Study ◽  
Type A ◽  
Type B ◽  
Endoscopic Surgical Procedures ◽  
Endoscopic Anatomy ◽  
Video Recordings ◽  
Anatomical Knowledge ◽  
Type C

AbstractObjectivesAn anatomical study was performed to describe the endoscopic anatomy and variations of the protympanum, including classification of the protiniculum and subtensor recess.MethodsA retrospective review was conducted of video recordings of cadaveric dissections and surgical procedures, which included visualisation of the protympanum, across 4 tertiary university referral centres over a 16-month period. A total of 97 ears were used in the analysis.ResultsA quadrangular conformation of the protympanum was seen in 60 per cent of ears and a triangular conformation in 40 per cent. The protiniculum was type A (ridge) in 58 per cent, type B (bridge) in 23 per cent and type C (absent) in 19 per cent. The subtensor recess was type A (absent) in 30 per cent, type B (shallow) in 48 per cent and type C (deep) in 22 per cent.ConclusionThe protympanum is an area that has been ignored for many years because of difficulties in visualising it with an operating microscope. However, modern endoscopic equipment has changed this, providing detailed anatomical knowledge fundamental to ensuring the safety of endoscopic surgical procedures in the region.

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