Botulinum Toxins for Aesthetic Facial Injections – A scientific review to support evidence-based best practice.

Botulinum Toxins (BoNT) are complex biological products. Each licensed BoNTA has its own individual characteristics resulting into different attributes, some of them being of clinical relevance. Besides profound anatomical knowledge and understanding of aesthetic principles, the responsible injecting physician should be aware of those pharmaceutical and clinical properties. Especially against the background of new BoNTA formulations receiving approval by the authorities a critical and dedicated discussion on the individual characteristics should take place and the potential relevance on the treatment outcome should be taken into consideration.

A study of variations in branching pattern of axillary artery in cadavers

The knowledge of variable branching pattern of Axillary artery is needed for vascular surgeons, onco surgeons, anaesthesiologists, orthopedic surgeons and radiologists due to increased use of invasive diagnostic, interventional procedures. The aim was to study the variable branching pattern of Axillary artey in cadavers. 15 cadavers (30 upper limbs) - 12 male and 3 female embalmed with 10% formalin were dissected for this study. Variable branching pattern was observed in 6.6% of the cases on right side and 6.6% of the cases on left side in first part of axillary artery, 40% of the cases on right side and 53.3% of the cases on left side in second part and 53.3% of the cases on right side and 26.6% of the cases on left side in third part. The anatomical knowledge of the normal and variant anatomy of the Axillary artery is of importance for anatomists, surgeons, radiologists and clinicians during various interventional, diagnostic, therapeutic and surgical procedures on pectoral and axillary regions.

Spinal Accessory Nerve Duplication – A Rare Anatomical Consternation During Neck Dissectio

Prevention of the spinal accessory nerve (SAN) is an indispensable aspect of the functional neck dissection surgery to avoid highly disabling shoulder syndrome postoperatively. This requires comprehensive knowledge of the anatomy of SAN and its variations. Rare anatomical variations like SAN duplication can result in an inadvertant injury to the SAN. We report a case of duplication of SAN, which was encountered while doing a functional neck dissection surgery for oral squamous cell carcinoma. No iatrogenic injury occurred during the surgery and neither there was any SAN dysfunction post-operatively. Meticulous dissection and consistent identification of SAN, along with vast anatomical knowledge is the key to the preservation of the nerve during the surgery. This report aims to broaden our anatomical knowledge of SAN and also discuss the clinical implications and literature pertaining to the duplication of SAN.

Active Methodologies in Teaching Human Anatomy

Human anatomy is one of the fundamental disciplines for the training of health professionals, especially in the medical field. Its didactic origin is based on the European school where the body was dissected in amphitheaters and anatomical knowledge was transmitted from the teacher to his students. With the restructuring of medical curricula, and the use of active methodologies, seeking to make the student the center of the learning process, anatomy started to be taught in another way. This study carries out an integrative review in the Scielo, Science Direct and Google Scholar databases, from 2015 to 2020, about the active methodologies used in the teaching of human anatomy for the medical course. The PICo strategy was used to form the guiding question and the results were presented through the Prisma Flow diagram. It was found that there are a number of tools and strategies that can be used aiming at the active teaching of human anatomy, however, a common point observed in most works is the approach of joint use with cadavers and anatomical parts, thus seeking to stimulate the development of the skills and competences of medical students.

The effect of teaching integrated course of physical examination and radiological anatomy in practical limb anatomy on medical students’ learning outcomes

Background In the last few decades, the need to change the curriculum of basic medical science has been further emphasized. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of teaching integrated course of physical examination and radiological anatomy in practical limb anatomy on medical students’ learning outcomes. Methods This was an experimental study. Medical students (of the 4th semester of medical education) were divided into intervention and control groups. Related topics of physical examination and radiological anatomy were added to the practical limb anatomy courses of the intervention group. Practical knowledge of anatomy, clinical applications of anatomical knowledge, students ‘satisfaction, and students’ attitude toward the anatomy course were assessed at the end of the study. Knowledge retention was assessed three months after the semester. Results The intervention group scored significantly higher mean scores in practical knowledge of anatomy test, clinical applications of anatomical knowledge test and knowledge retention test (P-value < 0.05). In evaluating students’ satisfaction with the course, the intervention group was satisfied with the course and teacher performance and had appropriate attitude (Mean˃4, Max score = 5) towards the application of anatomy in medicine. Conclusions The findings of this study showed that teaching practical anatomy with a clinical integrated approach can improve the practical knowledge of anatomy, knowledge retention, and clinical applications of anatomical knowledge. In addition, an integrated approach was associated with greater student satisfaction and it makes students have appropriate attitude towards the application of anatomy in medicine.

Anatomical and Functional Considerations about Dental Implants. Part II: Risk Areas and Associated Complications

Introduction: Oral rehabilitation with osseo-integrated implants requires integrated planning essential for successful treatment. There are some important anatomical aspects to be considered in relation to rehabilitation with implant systems. Objective: To perform a literature review to describe important anatomical aspects to be considered in relation to oral rehabilitation with dental implants. Methodology: The research was carried out in five databases (PubMed, Cochrane Library, Lilacs, Scielo, and Google Scholar) using the variation of the search terms "Anatomy" and "Dental implants", retrieving 1003 publications. Results: After reading the titles and abstracts, 91 texts were conducted for full reading and 21 publications were considered for data extraction and article synthesis. Conclusion: the anatomical knowledge of the related areas, as well as the quality of bone tissue and biological aspects, is important for the Dental Surgeon to recover the aesthetics and functionality of the stomatognathic and phonetic system, providing a better quality of life to patients.