scholarly journals Understanding Parties’ Policy Shifts in Western Europe: The Role of Valence, 1976–2003

2013 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Clark
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Modeling ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Time Lag ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Spatial Studies ◽  
Policy Strategies ◽  
Original Measure ◽  
Policy Shifts ◽  
Cross National

Do parties’ valence characteristics affect their policy strategies? The verdict of the spatial modeling literature on the positioning effects of valence is mixed on this point. Some spatial studies argue that valence-advantaged parties/candidates should moderate their policies, while others argue that they should radicalize their policies. Empirical cross-national work on this issue has been lacking. Using an original measure of valence and party positioning data compiled by the Comparative Manifesto Project, the period 1976–2003 is analyzed in this article for nine West European countries. The findings suggest that as parties’ character-based valence attributes worsen they tend tomoderatetheir Left–Right positions, and there is a notable time lag in parties’ responses to changes in their character-based valence attributes.

scholarly journals The comparative triad "state-education-church" in Ukraine and some countries of Western Europe

2014 ◽  
pp. 53-60
Author(s):  
Yaroslav Stockiy
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
School Curriculum ◽  
Religious Studies ◽  
Christian Ethics ◽  
European Countries ◽  
State Education ◽  
Elective Course ◽  
Western European ◽  
Church Schools

The urgency of the topic is due to the lack of research on the problem of the school curriculum with regard to the special elective course "Fundamentals of Christian ethics", its curriculum, the professionalism of teachers, the role of students in education, certain religious uniqueness in polyconfessional Ukraine, and comparison with religious studies in public, private or church schools of some Western European countries.

Outsourcing in 18 European countries: The role of worker power

2016 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 481-499
Author(s):  
Fabian Dekker ◽  
Ferry Koster
Keyword(s):  
Focus Of Attention ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Future Research ◽  
National Data ◽  
Logistic Analysis ◽  
European Economies ◽  
Cross National

Most research on outsourcing looks at cost-driven, resource-based or transformational motives to understand outsourcing decisions at the company-level. This article brings in the workers’ perspective, which is a topic that has not been the focus of attention of most previous studies. The article takes cross-national data for 18,264 companies in 18 European economies to examine the role of worker power on outsourcing decisions. According to the results from multilevel logistic analysis and contrary to the authors’ expectations, worker power relates to a higher likelihood of outsourcing. This article concludes with some thoughts on this finding and presents some directions for future research.

Belgium: From Highly Constrained and Complex Bargaining Settings to Paralysis?

2021 ◽  
pp. 81-123
Author(s):  
Lieven De Winter ◽  
Patrick Dumont
Keyword(s):  
Party System ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
European Countries ◽  
New Parties ◽  
French Speaking ◽  
Post War ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Monitoring Devices ◽  
Coalition Bargaining

While Belgium undoubtedly had the most complex coalition bargaining system in Western Europe during the period 1946–1999, it has become much more difficult for parties to form federal governments ever since. Contrary to a number of European countries, government formation complexity did not peak due the emergence of brand-new parties, nor of any new cleavage. Rather, in Belgium the main ingredients pre-existed: party system fragmentation—which was already high since unitary parties had split along linguistic lines—skyrocketed as the mainstream parties around which post-war coalitions were formed further declined in size, confronting some (in)formateurs with up to ten coalitionable parties. Their task has been further complicated by the growing saliency and Flemish radicalization of the community cleavage which led to the rise of the independentist N-VA, whose positions remain unacceptable for any French-speaking party. As a result, Belgium has often been left without a fully empowered government, the partisan composition of coalitions broke away from previous patterns, and the coalition compromise model, which was already solidly entrenched in the consociational norms and practices since the 1960s, was further elaborated. Coalition partners keep tabs on each other through compromise mechanisms and policy-monitoring devices such as long and detailed coalition agreements, the enhanced role of the inner cabinet composed of the PM and the vice-PMs of each coalition party, and strictly enforced coalition discipline in legislative matters. But, given the increasingly unbridgeable divides between Flemish- and French-speaking parties, the deadlock observed could well lead to the demise of Belgium.

scholarly journals POST-COMMUNIST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES IN GLOBAL VALUE CHAINS

Ekonomika ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 93 (3) ◽  
pp. 25-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ewa Cieślik
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Central And Eastern Europe ◽  
Global Value Chains ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Value Chains ◽  
Input Output ◽  
Large Share ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Comprehensive Study

Transformations and integration processes of post-communist European states have resulted in changes in the production process across borders. The main objective of this article is to present the positions of post-communist states in terms of cross-border input–output linkages. The analysis takes advantage of both the conventional methods of comprehensive study of global value chains and the advanced methods and measures examining the role of Central and Eastern Europe in global value chains in general and in sectoral terms. Findings of the study suggest that more integrated are countries with grater connections to Western European countries, especially Germany; a large share of exported goods from the post-communist states passes through GVCs in Western Europe, and exporters from post-communist states are usually located more in downstream segments of production than in upstream markets.

Longitudinal cross-national perspectives on female desistance: The role of social and emotional capitals in female narrations of maintaining change

2021 ◽  
pp. 206622032110564
Author(s):  
Linnéa Anna Margareta Österman
Keyword(s):  
Network Management ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Time And Space ◽  
Social And Emotional ◽  
Emotional Capital ◽  
Resource Perspective ◽  
National Perspective ◽  
Family Connection ◽  
Cross National

This paper offers a unique longitudinal qualitative perspective on a group of women maintaining desisting pathways in two different European countries: Sweden and England. Applying a social and emotional capital framework, with particular attention given to the friend and family connection, the paper aims to unveil how a resource perspective can enable a more nuanced view of the role of overlapping female identities and network management, the paradoxes of trust within these, and experiences of stigmatisation and emotional expenditure in female desistance narratives across time and space. The cross-national perspective brings to light the importance of situating the desistance process in the particular context in which it plays out, making visible how narratives may be structurally mediated by wider social, cultural, penal – and gendered – conditions and processes. These insights may, in turn, contribute to the identification of desistance support that have the potential to make female desistance paths less socially and emotionally costly.

Innovative climate and culture in manufacturing organizations: differences between some European countries

2000 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 349-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zoran Sušanj
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Climate ◽  
Central And Eastern Europe ◽  
Function Analysis ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Innovative Climate ◽  
Manufacturing Organizations ◽  
Methodological Problems ◽  
Culture Differences ◽  
Cross National

In the last decade there has been a growing emphasis on the role of pro-innovative climate and culture in organizational adaptiveness and overall company success. In spite of the growing interest among scholars and practitioners, there is a lack of cross-national studies that explore innovative climate and culture differences. The present study is an attempt to examine the content of the differences in innovative climate and culture in various European countries. A questionnaire for measuring several organizational climate and culture orientations was used. In the present article, only items from the climate and culture innovation scales are analysed. Data were gathered - in the context of the international FOCUS (First Organizational Climate/Culture Unified Survey) project - from 21 manufacturing organizations in 11 European countries. Discriminant function analysis was used to discover which climate and culture innovation items are the best predictors of differentiation between countries. The results show that the countries from Central and Eastern Europe have a relatively distinct position from the countries with a longer market economy tradition. Some methodological problems of this study, as well as the implications of the results for organizational change and development, are discussed.

scholarly journals How Far From Meritocracy? A Cross-National Longitudinal Analysis of European Countries

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 237802311985882
Author(s):  
Marta Kołczyńska
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Occupational Status ◽  
European Social Survey ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Empirical Distributions ◽  
Lower Status ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Cross National

This figure describes the distance from meritocracy in 36 European countries between 2002 and 2017. Following Krauze and Slomczynski, the author defines meritocratic allocation of individuals by education to occupational status groups as a situation when more educated persons do not have jobs with lower status than less educated persons. Using data from the European Social Survey rounds 1 to 8, for each country-round, the author identifies the theoretical meritocratic joint distribution of education and occupational status, as well as the theoretical distribution under statistical independence, and measures the distance of empirical distributions to these two ideal situations. The author finds that the distance to meritocracy varies substantially across European countries, with some countries being closer to allocation under independence than to meritocratic allocation. In terms of cross-country differences, the distance to meritocracy is smaller in postcommunist countries than in Western Europe, with some convergence observable over time.

scholarly journals Transition from Cohabitation to Marriage. The Role of Marital Attitudes in Seven Western and Eastern European Countries

2018 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zuzana Žilinčíková ◽  
Nicole Hiekel
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Positive Attitude ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Marital Attitudes ◽  
Marriage Formation ◽  
Western European

Using longitudinal panel data from the Generations and Gender Surveys on 2,847 cohabiters from seven countries, we examine the role of marital attitudes in the transition from cohabitation to marriage and compare the strength of this association between Western and Eastern Europe. We expect a positive attitude towards marriage to increase the likelihood of cohabiters marrying. We also expect the association between personal attitudes and marriage formation to be weaker among cohabiters from Eastern Europe, due to stronger normative pressure to marry in contexts where cohabitation is less prevalent. In both Eastern and Western European countries, we find a clear positive association between favourable views on marriage among cohabiters and their entry into marriage. Contrary to our expectations, we find evidence that this association is weaker in Western Europe. We discuss this finding in light of the greater postponement of marriage among Western European cohabiters, even among those with a positive attitude towards marriage, as well as the potentially greater significance of life course events and transitions that influence their decision to marry more strongly than is the case for their Eastern European counterparts. This study extends the literature on the relationship trajectories of cohabiters by drawing attention to the normative context that may shape cohabiters’ opportunities and constrain behavioural choice in the marriage formation process. Ultimately, it contributes to an understanding of the consequences of the societal diffusion of cohabitation in Europe.

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