Notes on the Bionomics of Cotton Stainers (Dysdercus) in Nigeria

1928 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 319-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. D. Golding
Keyword(s):  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Alternative Food ◽  
Food Plants ◽  
Forest Zone ◽  
Cotton Crop ◽  
Cotton Stainers ◽  
Hibiscus Esculentus ◽  
Prevalent Species

(1) There are two forms of D. superstitiosus, F., in Nigeria, which are designated banded and spotted forms in the present paper. The banded form appears on cotton earlier in the season than the spotted, and it remains on the crop longer. Migration to cotton is gradual in the case of the banded form, while a sudden influx of migrants of the spotted form commences in October. Many spotted adults migrate to Bombax and Sterculia between January and March, whereas the banded form remains on the cotton until it is uprooted at the end of March. The spotted form is far more numerous than the banded on maize and guinea corn.(2) There is considerable variation in the colouration of adults of the spotted form; at Ibadan about 99 per cent. of the migrants to cotton are yellow or orange in colour, while the adults of the filial generations produced on cotton are almost always red in colour (a few individuals are deep orange-red). These colour variations are thought to be of seasonal origin.(3) D. superstitiosus is the most prevalent species on cotton at Ibadan, Ilorin, Oyo, Zaria and Kano; melanoderes is of equal or greater importance in the forest zone at Ilugun and occasionally is numerous at Ibadan; fasciatus is of importance in savannah country at Oyo; haemorrhoidalis is rare on cotton. No evidence has been obtained that any one of these species is a varietal form of another species. Both forms of superstitiosus are widely distributed in Nigeria.(4) Migration to cotton is induced by the flowering of that crop. The maximum weekly migration has occurred between the weeks ending 15th October and 7th November in five localities in the last three years; viz., at the time of, or soon after, the maximum flowering of the cotton crop. There are indications that there is a tendency for stainers to migrate in a southerly direction, probably as a result of the desiccating harmattan wind from the Sahara.(5) The principal alternative food-plants of stainers in the Ibadan district are: Bombax sp., Sterculia sp., Hibiscus esculentus, H. sabdariffa, Urena lobata, and Abutilon zanzibaricum. At Ilorin, silk-cotton trees (Bombax), H. esculentus, H. lunariifolius and U. lobata are the most important alternative food-plants.(6) A rhythm exists in the weekly proportions of the sexes during the cotton season; males predominate among the early migrants to cotton and among the first individuals to mature of each generation. This rhythm appears to be the result of shorter period of post-embryonic development in the case of males than in that of females derived from the same batch of ova.

On the Effects produced by the Attacks of the Pink Bollworm on the Yield of Cotton Seed and Lint in Egypt

1919 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 279-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. H. Gough
Keyword(s):  
Pink Bollworm ◽  
Hibiscus Cannabinus ◽  
Food Plants ◽  
Thespesia Populnea ◽  
History Of ◽  
Major Pest ◽  
Hibiscus Esculentus ◽  
Important Position ◽  
Gipsy Moth ◽  
A Minor

The history of but few insects can be compared with that ofPectinophora(Geleckia)gossypiella, which, having started as a minor pest in its native country and having been transported by human agency to a new country, has there suddenly leapt to the most important position as a major pest of the crop it attacks. In this respect it may be placed with thePhylloxeraand the gipsy moth.Although the chief object of this paper is to consider certain aspects of the damage done by the pink bollworm to the cotton crop, the following short summary of the established facts concerning the life-history of the insect may be useful to readers not familiar with its habits.Food-Plants. The pink bollworm feeds on cotton (Gossypium, various species), okra (Hibiscus esculentus; Arabic :bamia; Hindustani :bhindi), Deccan hemp (Hibiscus cannabinus; Arabic :til), hollyhock (Althaea rosea), mallow (Malvasp., probablysilvestris),Thespesia populnea(fideFullaway ; this record is considered doubtful by Busck), andAbutilonsp. (Arabic :hanbuk;fideKing).It will be noticed that all these plants belong to the Malvaceae. The record for pomegranates given by Dudgeon and Gough is without doubt due to error.Of all these food-plants cotton is preferred. The larvae attack the stems (feeding in the cambium and boring a tunnel which encircles the stem), flowers, flower-buds, bolls and seeds.

Notes on the Tachinid Parasites of Cotton Stainers (Dysdercus spp., Pyrrhocoridae) in South Africa

1947 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 305-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Rainey
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Larval Period ◽  
Cotton Crop ◽  
Economic Significance ◽  
Winter Conditions ◽  
Cotton Stainers

(1) Up to 35 per cent, of adult Dysdercus nigrofasciatus from a heavily infested late cotton crop at Barberton were found to be parasitised by Tachinid larvae at the end of the season.(2) The predominant Tachinid species was Alophora nasalis; Bogosilla fasciata was present in smaller numbers, and appears to be more common in regions of higher rainfall.(3) The development of the Tachinid larva within the stainer was a protracted process under local winter conditions, the larval period of A. nasalis being of the order of 2–3 months, and parasitised stainers were correspondingly long-lived.(4) The possible economic significance of the parasites is discussed.

The sorghum midge, Contarinia sorghicola (Coq.), in Nigeria

1961 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. M. Harris
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Control ◽  
Food Plant ◽  
Alternative Food ◽  
Food Plants ◽  
Northern Nigeria ◽  
Wild Sorghum ◽  
Contarinia Sorghicola ◽  
Sorghum Midge ◽  
Resistant Varieties ◽  
Andropogon Gayanus

Sorghum midge, Contarinia sorghicola (Coq.), was discovered in Nigeria in 1953, and a survey which indicated the widespread occurrence of the midge in the country was followed by the investigations reported in this paper.Food-plants of the midge in Nigeria are guineacorn (Sorghum vulgare, sensu lato), which annually provides about two million tons of grain for human consumption, and the wild grasses, Andropogon gayanus and Sorghum arundinaceum.At Samaru, Zaria, Northern Nigeria, midges emerge from infested guineacorn heads in the early morning with maximum emergence between 7.45 and 8.15 a.m. After mating, females fly to recently flowered heads where they lay eggs within the spikelets, laying twice as many eggs on the glumes as on the pales. Each female may lay about 50 eggs and both males and females usually die within ten hours of emergence. The egg hatches within four days and, after ten days' feeding, during which the ovary shrivels up, the larvae pupate within the spikelet. The cycle from egg to adult is completed in 19 to 22 days during the growing season but towards the end of the rains larvae spin cocoons and enter diapause.Large numbers of diapause larvae are carried through the dry season in late-flowering heads which, because they are severely attacked by midge, are not harvested and remain on the stems which are kept in stacks and used for building and fencing or as fuel. Smaller numbers of larvae are present in threshing trash. The emergence of adults from the diapause population was observed from 1955 to 1959. In cages, the first adults were observed to emerge half way through the rains, about 5 to 7 weeks after the weekly mean R.H. had exceeded 60 per cent, and emergence continued for 9 to 12 weeks. Field observations confirmed experimental observations and showed that the build-up of the midge population before the main crop comes into flower is largely dependent on the presence of early-flowering varieties. So long as sufficient guineacorn is in flower and the weather is favourable the midge population builds up steadily to a peak in October and early November.A. gayanus appears to be of little importance as an alternative food-plant, and preliminary evidence of the existence of a distinct biological race of C. sorghicola on A. gayanus is presented. Wild sorghum (S. arundinaceum) may be an important alternative food-plant in the south, where it is most abundant, but is of little importance in the main guineacorn-growing areas of the north where it is uncommon. Eupelmus popa Gir., Eupelmus sp., Aprostocetus sp. and two species of Tetrastichus parasitise C. sorghicola, and examples of the three genera are generally present at Samaru in the ratio 3 of Eupelmus: 1 of Aprostocetus: 1 of Tetrastichus. They are only of importance late in the season. Two spiders, a species of Thomisus and a species tentatively referred to as Diaea, prey on ovipositing midges but are apparently of little importance.Experiments show a significant negative linear regression of yield on the proportion of spikelets attacked. There is no evidence of compensation and estimation of the proportion of spikelets attacked by midge gives a direct measure of the loss of yield. In 1957 and in 1958, random samples of guineacorn spikelets were taken from farmers' crops throughout Northern Nigeria. The proportion of spikelets containing midge larvae and pupae was estimated by dissecting 50-spikelet sub-samples taken at random from each sample, and the maturity of the sample was measured in each sub-sample by counting the number of spikelets which had not flowered. Samples should have been taken between 7 and 21 days after 50 per cent, of the crop had flowered, but many of the samples were immature and were discarded. In 52 mature sub-samples obtained in 1957, 10·5 per cent, of all spikelets contained midge and, in 167 obtained in 1958, 4·1 per cent, contained midge. In 1957, the results did not permit estimation of over-all crop losses but in 1958 it was estimated that at least 91,100 tons of grain, valued at £1,822,000 and representing the produce of 218,200 acres, were lost to sorghum midge.The pattern of intensity of midge attack in the survey samples suggests that in the main guineacorn-growing areas, which lie above 9°N. at an altitude exceeding 1,000 ft., midge damage is less severe than in lower latitudes and at lower altitudes where heavier attacks probably result from the longer growing seasons, higher humidities and more abundant wild sorghum.Nigerian farmers recognise the empty heads caused by midge but are unaware of the midge itself and, until they have learned to recognise cause and effect, control measures depending on their co-operation may be unsuccessful. Cultural control by disposal of crop residues and the growing of a uniformly flowering crop would be the most natural and effective method in the main guineacorn-growing areas. There is little possibility of achieving chemical control at present and, though the field resistance of the Nunaba group of varieties (Sorghum membranaceum) from the Gold Coast has been confirmed in Nigeria, laboratory experiments suggest that when the midge is not free to choose between resistant and non-resistant varieties it is able to adapt its behaviour and will then oviposit on resistant varieties.This paper is intended to serve as a basis for further studies of sorghum midge in Nigeria and elsewhere in West Africa.

On some Aphides infesting Tulips

1927 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Davidson
Keyword(s):  
Myzus Persicae ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Alternative Food ◽  
Food Plants ◽  
Tulip Bulbs

During 1925–1926 a number of tulip bulbs and iris corms infested with Aphides were received from various sources, as well as Aphides from growing tulips. These species were reared and observations made on the progress of the infestation on tulips. It is evident that one species Anuraphis tulipae (B. de Fonsc.) is a serious pest of stored bulbs, especially tulips, and another species, Rhopalosiphoninus tulipaella (Theo.), may also be of importance in this respect. Since these two species are not well known, it may be desirable to give detailed drawings of the species together with some notes on the observations made. It is hoped that the complete life-cycles and alternative food-plants of these species may be traced later.In addition to the two species mentioned above, Macrosiphum gei (Koch) and Myzus persicae (Sulz.) were also found infesting tulips.

scholarly journals Diversity of alternative food plants traded in the Kranggan Mas Traditional Market, Bekasi District, West Java Province, Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 049-056
Author(s):  
Marina Silalahi ◽  
Sunarto ◽  
Teresa Riwana Marnala Munthe ◽  
Debora Pardosi
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Analysis ◽  
Postmenopausal Women ◽  
Alternative Food ◽  
Food Plants ◽  
Dioscorea Alata ◽  
Food Ingredients ◽  
Artocarpus Altilis ◽  
Surrounding Environment ◽  
Traditional Market ◽  
Living Fence

The market is the main place for buying and selling alternative food plants and its rich in local wisdom. This study aims to explain the diversity of alternative food plant that are traded in the traditional market of Kranggan Mas, Bekasi District and their potential as healthy food ingredients. The research was conducted with an ethnobotanical approach with surveys, interviews and participations observation. The respondents were all traders who traded alternative food plants. The data was qualitative analysis includes grouping plants based on benefits, families, and parts used. A total of 12 species belonging10 genera and 8 families of plants as alternative food are traded in the Kranggan Mas traditional market. A total of 7 species of food are available every day and 4 species are available seasonally. The part of used are tuber (82%) and fruits (18%). Dioscorea alata and Artocarpus altilis are foodstuff ingredients that are still very potential to be developed and cultivated because both species are easy to find in the surrounding environment and its uses as shade and living fence. The Dioscorea alata has compounds dioscorine which has activity to reduce hypertension, so that its recommended for postmenopausal women.

Live Confocal Analysis of Fertilization and Early Development

2001 ◽  
Vol 7 (S2) ◽  
pp. 1012-1013
Author(s):  
Uyen Tram ◽  
William Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Early Development ◽  
Fluorescent Probes ◽  
Primary Defect ◽  
Fluorescent Analysis ◽  
Dynamic Event ◽  
Enormous Amount ◽  
Fluorescent Studies

Embryonic development is a dynamic event and is best studied in live animals in real time. Much of our knowledge of the early events of embryogenesis, however, comes from immunofluourescent analysis of fixed embryos. While these studies provide an enormous amount of information about the organization of different structures during development, they can give only a static glimpse of a very dynamic event. More recently real-time fluorescent studies of living embryos have become much more routine and have given new insights to how different structures and organelles (chromosomes, centrosomes, cytoskeleton, etc.) are coordinately regulated. This is in large part due to the development of commercially available fluorescent probes, GFP technology, and newly developed sensitive fluorescent microscopes. For example, live confocal fluorescent analysis proved essential in determining the primary defect in mutations that disrupt early nuclear divisions in Drosophila melanogaster. For organisms in which GPF transgenics is not available, fluorescent probes that label DNA, microtubules, and actin are available for microinjection.

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