Disruption of Glossina morsitans morsitans (Diptera: Glossinidae) eclosion behaviour: a novel method for evaluating the action of neurotoxic agents

AbstractAs the tsetse fly, Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood extricates itself from the puparium and moves upward through the soil the ptilinum expands and contracts rhythmically and thus generates a stereotypic behavioural pattern that persists for up to 10 h if the tsetse fly remains confined. The response, which is easily recorded tensometrically from the movements of the ptilinum, can be exploited as a tool for evaluating the behavioral response of tsetse flies to various neurotoxic agents. The behavioural assay proves useful in providing precise information about the latency of the response and lethal time, and can suggest likely modes of action. For example, sublethal doses of pyrethroids reversibly suppressed the contraction cycles, a response consistent with the peripheral action of this insecticide. In contrast, chlorinated hydrocarbons greatly increased contraction frequency, a result consistent with the action of these agents on the central nervous system (CNS). Assays utilizing eight commercial insecticide preparations (Pybuthrin, K-othrin, Vaztak, Reldan, Safrotin, Acetellic, DDVP, Antrix) demonstrate the utility of this method for detecting subtle perturbations of the CNS and neuromuscular system.

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Genetic relationships between subspecies of the tsetse fly Glossina morsitans inferred from variation in mitochondrial DNA sequences

Canadian Journal of Genetics and Cytology ◽

10.1139/g84-109 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 26 (6) ◽

pp. 692-697 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Martin Trick ◽

Gabriel A. Dover

Keyword(s):

Mitochondrial Dna ◽

Dna Sequences ◽

Dna Hybridization ◽

Genetic Relationships ◽

Glossina Morsitans Morsitans ◽

Tsetse Fly ◽

Tsetse Flies ◽

Glossina Morsitans ◽

Site Variation ◽

Local Restriction

A 750 base pair segment of DNA from the tsetse fly Glossina morsitans morsitans was isolated by means of molecular cloning. It was shown by DNA hybridization to have substantial sequence homology with a defined region of the mitochondrial genomes of several Drosophila species. When used as a probe against DNA prepared from single tsetse flies, the cloned sequence revealed local restriction site variation between members of the G. morsitans subspecies complex. This feature was used to demonstrate maternal inheritance of the sequence in progeny of hybrid crosses and to assemble comparative restriction maps for a 3-kilobase segment of each mitochondrial genome. The data obtained from these exercises point to a higher genetic identity between G. m. morsitans and G. m. centralis than between either form and G. m. submorsitans.Key words: mitochondrial DNA, tsetse fly species, Glossina morsitans.

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Studies on Trypanosoma (nannomonas) congolense: IV. Experimental immunization of mice against tsetse fly Challenge

Parasitology ◽

10.1017/s0031182000000585 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 80 (1) ◽

pp. 133-137 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

V. M. Nantulya ◽

J. J. Doyle ◽

L. Jenni

Keyword(s):

Glossina Morsitans Morsitans ◽

Trypanosoma Congolense ◽

Tsetse Fly ◽

Uninfected Control ◽

Tsetse Flies ◽

Glossina Morsitans ◽

Variable Antigen ◽

Experimental Immunization

SummaryGroups of mice were exposed to multiple bites by tsetse flies (Glossina morsitans morsitans) infected with a clone of Trypanosoma congolense spread over a period of 8 days. The mice were subsequently treated with Berenil 10 days after the first fly bite as were uninfected control mice. The group of mice which received 12–15 infectious fly bites on two occasions, 21 days apart, were subsequently resistant to infection when re-challenged by flies infected with the same clone of T. congolense. These mice were also immune to challenge by flies infected with a different bloodstream variable antigen type derived from this same stock. The immunity was stock-specific and directed against the metacyclic forms of the parasite, but was short-lived.

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Laboratory studies on the potential of three insect growth regulators for control of the tsetse fly, Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood (Diptera: Glossinidae)

Bulletin of Entomological Research ◽

10.1017/s0007485300017880 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 69 (1) ◽

pp. 55-64 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

A. M. Jordan ◽

M. A. Trewern ◽

A. B. Bořkovec ◽

A. B. DeMilo

Keyword(s):

Growth Regulators ◽

Topical Application ◽

Glossina Morsitans Morsitans ◽

Tsetse Fly ◽

Tsetse Flies ◽

Glossina Morsitans ◽

Insect Growth Regulators ◽

Insect Growth ◽

Reproductive Life ◽

Length Of Life

AbstractExperiments were carried out to determine the effects of the insect growth regulators (IGRs), diflubenzuron and two of its analogues, on adult female Glossina morsitans morsitans Westw. The most effective method of dosing was by topical application, and less pronounced effects followed tarsal contact with treated surfaces and contact during mating with treated males. The compounds had no effect on female length of life or the number of offspring produced, but following topical application at 0·5 μg/female or above, most offspring produced throughout reproductive life (more than 100 days) failed to pupariate. Little difference was detected between the effects of the three IGRs tested. Following the application of diflubenzuron to oviparous insects, egg hatch is inhibited; it is suggested that in the larviparous tsetse fly such compounds act by inhibiting the biosynthesis of chitin at the time of pupariation. IGRs show promise as potential agents for the control of Glossina in the field, and the quantities required would probably not exceed the quantities of insecticides used in current operations against tsetse flies.

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Turbulent plumes of heat, moist heat, and carbon dioxide elicit upwind anemotaxis in tsetse flies Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood (Diptera: Glossinidae)

Canadian Journal of Zoology ◽

10.1139/z02-101 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 80 (7) ◽

pp. 1149-1155 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

W G Evans ◽

R H Gooding

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Wind Tunnel ◽

Relative Humidity ◽

Glossina Morsitans Morsitans ◽

Tsetse Flies ◽

Glossina Morsitans ◽

Low Velocity ◽

Upwind Flight ◽

Moist Heat ◽

Heated Air

The roles and interactions of turbulent plumes of heat, moist heat, and carbon dioxide in mediating upwind flight of adult tsetse flies (Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood) were investigated using a wind tunnel in a constant-environment chamber. Heat fluctuations in the plume that were detected by a thermocouple and displayed as oscilloscope traces allowed direct visualization of the structures of the plumes. Significantly more flies flew upwind when exposed to plumes of (i) carbon dioxide (0.0051% above background) and air (58% relative humidity) compared with air alone; (ii) carbon dioxide and heated air (35% relative humidity and temperature fluctuating up to 0.09°C above background) compared with carbon dioxide and air; and (iii) carbon dioxide and moist (82% relative humidity) heated air (temperature fluctuating up to 0.05°C above background) compared with carbon dioxide and heated air. However, there were no significant differences in upwind flight of flies exposed to plumes of (i) air compared with humidified air (65% relative humidity); (ii) carbon dioxide and heated air compared with heated air alone; and (iii) carbon dioxide and moist heated air compared with moist heated air alone. Recorded temperature fluctuations in heat plumes transported downwind from a tethered steer in a pasture showed patterns similar to those produced in the wind-tunnel plumes. These results suggest that host emissions of carbon dioxide alone and combined heat and moisture carried downwind by low-velocity winds elicit upwind anemotaxis in tsetse flies, which distinguish these emissions from a background of lower atmospheric levels.

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Responses of tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae) to odour-baited trees

Bulletin of Entomological Research ◽

10.1017/s0007485300033605 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 81 (3) ◽

pp. 323-331 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

G. A. Vale

Keyword(s):

Field Studies ◽

Glossina Morsitans Morsitans ◽

Tsetse Flies ◽

Glossina Morsitans ◽

Free Standing ◽

Model Trees ◽

Clear Effect

AbstractField studies in Zimbabwe elucidated how trees might be enhanced as baits for controlling Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood and G. pallidipes Austen. Catches from electrocuting devices at the bases of trees were near nil when sampling tsetse flies landing on the trunk but much greater when sampling them flying within 1 m of the trunk. Catches increased 5–8 times when 2 m2 of the trunk were blackened and given odour of acetone, 1-octen-3-ol, 3-n-propyl phenol and 4-methyl phenol, but were still only ca. 30% of the catches from an odour-baited, free-standing, 1 × 1 m screen of black cloth. The upright trunk of real and model trees hindered their attractiveness but leaves and branches 5 m above ground had no clear effect. Real and artificial stumps of trees were as effective as the screen if they were 1 m2, compact and sharply outlined. The practical and biological implications of the results are discussed, with particular reference to the use of insecticide-treated netting with modified tree stumps as baits for control.

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Molecular characterization of two novel milk proteins in the tsetse fly (Glossina morsitans morsitans)

Insect Molecular Biology ◽

10.1111/j.1365-2583.2009.00987.x ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 19 (2) ◽

pp. 253-262 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

G. Yang ◽

G. M. Attardo ◽

C. Lohs ◽

S. Aksoy

Keyword(s):

Molecular Characterization ◽

Milk Proteins ◽

Glossina Morsitans Morsitans ◽

Tsetse Fly ◽

Glossina Morsitans

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Structural studies on the major milk gland protein of the tsetse fly, Glossina morsitans morsitans

Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B Comparative Biochemistry ◽

10.1016/0305-0491(91)90145-4 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 99 (4) ◽

pp. 803-809 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Ellie O. Osir ◽

Michael Kotengo ◽

Mohammed F.B. Chaudhury ◽

Leonard H. Otieno

Keyword(s):

Glossina Morsitans Morsitans ◽

Tsetse Fly ◽

Structural Studies ◽

Glossina Morsitans

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Anterior midgut proteinase inhibitor from Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood (Diptera: Glossinidae) and its effects upon tsetse digestive enzymes

Canadian Journal of Zoology ◽

10.1139/z80-011 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 58 (1) ◽

pp. 79-87 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Jon G. Houseman

Keyword(s):

Proteinase Inhibitor ◽

Periplaneta Americana ◽

Specific Activity ◽

Glossina Morsitans Morsitans ◽

Tsetse Flies ◽

Trypsin Activity ◽

Glossina Morsitans ◽

Trypsin Hydrolysis ◽

Hydrolysis Of ◽

Anterior Midgut

The anterior midgut of Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood contains a proteinase inhibitor, molecular weight 5000 ± 2000daltons, stable to 1 M HCl, heat, and dialysis, but unstable to 1% trichloroacetic acid. Inhibitor activity is not associated with anticoagulant in the anterior midgut. The specific activity of the proteinase inhibitor is similar in mated and unmated females and greater than in male tsetse flies. Proteinase inhibitor inhibits proteinase VI and trypsin hydrolysis of N-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester (BAEE) and benzoyl-DL-arginine-p-nitroanilide (BAPNA) but has no effect on proteinase VI hydrolysis of haemoglobin. Inhibition of trypsin hydrolysis of haemoglobin is noncompetitive. Proteinase inhibitor levels in the anterior midgut decreased immediately after feeding and then increased, reaching a maximum 60–100 h after ingestion of the bloodmeal. Postteneral flies contained higher levels of proteinase inhibitor than teneral individuals. Trypsin activity in gut homogenates of Phormia regina and Aedes aegypti was inhibited by the tsetse inhibitor. There was no detectable inhibition of bovine or Pterostichus adstrictus trypsin activity. Inhibition of Periplaneta americana trypsin occurred but was less than fly trypsin inhibition. The possible role of the inhibitor in terminating proteinase production is discussed.

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