scholarly journals Studies on Trypanosoma (nannomonas) congolense: IV. Experimental immunization of mice against tsetse fly Challenge

Parasitology ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. M. Nantulya ◽  
J. J. Doyle ◽  
L. Jenni
Keyword(s):  
Glossina Morsitans Morsitans ◽  
Trypanosoma Congolense ◽  
Tsetse Fly ◽  
Uninfected Control ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Glossina Morsitans ◽  
Variable Antigen ◽  
Experimental Immunization

SummaryGroups of mice were exposed to multiple bites by tsetse flies (Glossina morsitans morsitans) infected with a clone of Trypanosoma congolense spread over a period of 8 days. The mice were subsequently treated with Berenil 10 days after the first fly bite as were uninfected control mice. The group of mice which received 12–15 infectious fly bites on two occasions, 21 days apart, were subsequently resistant to infection when re-challenged by flies infected with the same clone of T. congolense. These mice were also immune to challenge by flies infected with a different bloodstream variable antigen type derived from this same stock. The immunity was stock-specific and directed against the metacyclic forms of the parasite, but was short-lived.

Disruption of Glossina morsitans morsitans (Diptera: Glossinidae) eclosion behaviour: a novel method for evaluating the action of neurotoxic agents

1992 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
pp. 547-552 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Ždárek ◽  
D.L. Denlinger
Keyword(s):  
Glossina Morsitans Morsitans ◽  
Tsetse Fly ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Behavioural Pattern ◽  
Glossina Morsitans ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Lethal Time ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
Sublethal Doses ◽  
Peripheral Action

AbstractAs the tsetse fly, Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood extricates itself from the puparium and moves upward through the soil the ptilinum expands and contracts rhythmically and thus generates a stereotypic behavioural pattern that persists for up to 10 h if the tsetse fly remains confined. The response, which is easily recorded tensometrically from the movements of the ptilinum, can be exploited as a tool for evaluating the behavioral response of tsetse flies to various neurotoxic agents. The behavioural assay proves useful in providing precise information about the latency of the response and lethal time, and can suggest likely modes of action. For example, sublethal doses of pyrethroids reversibly suppressed the contraction cycles, a response consistent with the peripheral action of this insecticide. In contrast, chlorinated hydrocarbons greatly increased contraction frequency, a result consistent with the action of these agents on the central nervous system (CNS). Assays utilizing eight commercial insecticide preparations (Pybuthrin, K-othrin, Vaztak, Reldan, Safrotin, Acetellic, DDVP, Antrix) demonstrate the utility of this method for detecting subtle perturbations of the CNS and neuromuscular system.

Genetic relationships between subspecies of the tsetse fly Glossina morsitans inferred from variation in mitochondrial DNA sequences

1984 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 692-697 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Trick ◽  
Gabriel A. Dover
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Dna Hybridization ◽  
Genetic Relationships ◽  
Glossina Morsitans Morsitans ◽  
Tsetse Fly ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Glossina Morsitans ◽  
Site Variation ◽  
Local Restriction

A 750 base pair segment of DNA from the tsetse fly Glossina morsitans morsitans was isolated by means of molecular cloning. It was shown by DNA hybridization to have substantial sequence homology with a defined region of the mitochondrial genomes of several Drosophila species. When used as a probe against DNA prepared from single tsetse flies, the cloned sequence revealed local restriction site variation between members of the G. morsitans subspecies complex. This feature was used to demonstrate maternal inheritance of the sequence in progeny of hybrid crosses and to assemble comparative restriction maps for a 3-kilobase segment of each mitochondrial genome. The data obtained from these exercises point to a higher genetic identity between G. m. morsitans and G. m. centralis than between either form and G. m. submorsitans.Key words: mitochondrial DNA, tsetse fly species, Glossina morsitans.

scholarly journals Expression profiling of Trypanosoma congolense genes during development in the tsetse fly vector Glossina morsitans morsitans

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Erick O. Awuoche ◽  
Brian L. Weiss ◽  
Paul O. Mireji ◽  
Aurélien Vigneron ◽  
Benson Nyambega ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Expression Profiling ◽  
Glossina Morsitans Morsitans ◽  
Trypanosoma Congolense ◽  
Tsetse Fly ◽  
Glossina Morsitans

scholarly journals Studies on Trypanosoma (nannomonas) congolense: III. Antigenic variation in three cyclically transmitted stocks

Parasitology ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. M. Nantulya ◽  
J. J. Doyle ◽  
L. Jenni
Keyword(s):  
Antigenic Variation ◽  
Trypanosoma Congolense ◽  
Tsetse Fly ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Simultaneous Infection ◽  
Variable Antigen ◽  
Derivatives Of ◽  
Cyclical Transmission

SummaryCyclical transmission of different variable antigen types of Trypanosoma congolense STIB 228 resulted in the development of metacyclic trypanosome populations which were similar in their variable antigen composition as judged by immunofluorescence and neutralization assays. The variable antigen types present in the ingested bloodstream populations were not found in the metacyclic populations. The bloodstream populations which were obtained from cyclically infected, irradiated (900 rad.) mice contained variable antigen types which were not present in the corresponding metacyclic populations. When derivatives of 2 other stocks of T. congolense, isolated in a different area of Tanzania, underwent cyclical development in the tsetse fly, the metacyclic populations of each stock also had a characteristic variable antigen composition. The metacyclic populations of the 3 stocks were, however, completely dissimilar in variable antigen composition. Simultaneous infection of tsetse flies with a mixture of different stocks resulted in the concurrent production of metacyclic trypanosomes which contained the characteristic variable antigen types of each stock. The effect of cyclical transmission on the process of antigenic variation in T. congolense infections is therefore similar to that in T. brucei infections.

Laboratory studies on the potential of three insect growth regulators for control of the tsetse fly, Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood (Diptera: Glossinidae)

1979 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Jordan ◽  
M. A. Trewern ◽  
A. B. Bořkovec ◽  
A. B. DeMilo
Keyword(s):  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Topical Application ◽  
Glossina Morsitans Morsitans ◽  
Tsetse Fly ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Glossina Morsitans ◽  
Insect Growth Regulators ◽  
Insect Growth ◽  
Reproductive Life ◽  
Length Of Life

AbstractExperiments were carried out to determine the effects of the insect growth regulators (IGRs), diflubenzuron and two of its analogues, on adult female Glossina morsitans morsitans Westw. The most effective method of dosing was by topical application, and less pronounced effects followed tarsal contact with treated surfaces and contact during mating with treated males. The compounds had no effect on female length of life or the number of offspring produced, but following topical application at 0·5 μg/female or above, most offspring produced throughout reproductive life (more than 100 days) failed to pupariate. Little difference was detected between the effects of the three IGRs tested. Following the application of diflubenzuron to oviparous insects, egg hatch is inhibited; it is suggested that in the larviparous tsetse fly such compounds act by inhibiting the biosynthesis of chitin at the time of pupariation. IGRs show promise as potential agents for the control of Glossina in the field, and the quantities required would probably not exceed the quantities of insecticides used in current operations against tsetse flies.

Turbulent plumes of heat, moist heat, and carbon dioxide elicit upwind anemotaxis in tsetse flies Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood (Diptera: Glossinidae)

2002 ◽  
Vol 80 (7) ◽  
pp. 1149-1155 ◽  
Author(s):  
W G Evans ◽  
R H Gooding
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Wind Tunnel ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Glossina Morsitans Morsitans ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Glossina Morsitans ◽  
Low Velocity ◽  
Upwind Flight ◽  
Moist Heat ◽  
Heated Air

The roles and interactions of turbulent plumes of heat, moist heat, and carbon dioxide in mediating upwind flight of adult tsetse flies (Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood) were investigated using a wind tunnel in a constant-environment chamber. Heat fluctuations in the plume that were detected by a thermocouple and displayed as oscilloscope traces allowed direct visualization of the structures of the plumes. Significantly more flies flew upwind when exposed to plumes of (i) carbon dioxide (0.0051% above background) and air (58% relative humidity) compared with air alone; (ii) carbon dioxide and heated air (35% relative humidity and temperature fluctuating up to 0.09°C above background) compared with carbon dioxide and air; and (iii) carbon dioxide and moist (82% relative humidity) heated air (temperature fluctuating up to 0.05°C above background) compared with carbon dioxide and heated air. However, there were no significant differences in upwind flight of flies exposed to plumes of (i) air compared with humidified air (65% relative humidity); (ii) carbon dioxide and heated air compared with heated air alone; and (iii) carbon dioxide and moist heated air compared with moist heated air alone. Recorded temperature fluctuations in heat plumes transported downwind from a tethered steer in a pasture showed patterns similar to those produced in the wind-tunnel plumes. These results suggest that host emissions of carbon dioxide alone and combined heat and moisture carried downwind by low-velocity winds elicit upwind anemotaxis in tsetse flies, which distinguish these emissions from a background of lower atmospheric levels.

Trypanosome infections and survival in tsetse

Parasitology ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 116 (S1) ◽  
pp. S23-S28 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Maudlin ◽  
S. C. Welburn ◽  
P. J. M. Milligan
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Trypanosoma Brucei ◽  
Glossina Morsitans Morsitans ◽  
Trypanosoma Congolense ◽  
Vectorial Capacity ◽  
Trypanosome Infection ◽  
Trypanosoma Brucei Rhodesiense ◽  
Glossina Morsitans ◽  
Differential Effects

SummaryThe effect of trypanosome infection on vector survival was observed in a line of Glossina morsitans morsitans selected for susceptibility to trypanosome infection. The differential effects of midgut and salivary gland infections on survival were examined by exposing flies to infection with either Trypanosoma congolense which colonizes midgut and mouthparts or Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense which colonizes midgut and salivary glands. A comparison of the survival distributions of uninfected flies with those exposed to infection showed that salivary gland infection significantly reduces tsetse survival; midgut infection had little or no effect on the survival of tsetse. The significance of these findings is discussed in relation to the vectorial capacity of wild flies.

scholarly journals Differential virulence and tsetse fly transmissibility of Trypanosoma congolense and Trypanosoma brucei strains

2017 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Purity K. Gitonga ◽  
Kariuki Ndung’u ◽  
Grace A. Murilla ◽  
Paul C. Thande ◽  
Florence N. Wamwiri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Survival Time ◽  
Trypanosoma Brucei ◽  
Acute Infection ◽  
Glossina Pallidipes ◽  
Trypanosoma Congolense ◽  
Tsetse Fly ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Entire Group ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
African Countries

African animal trypanosomiasis causes significant economic losses in sub-Saharan African countries because of livestock mortalities and reduced productivity. Trypanosomes, the causative agents, are transmitted by tsetse flies (Glossina spp.). In the current study, we compared and contrasted the virulence characteristics of five Trypanosoma congolense and Trypanosoma brucei isolates using groups of Swiss white mice (n = 6). We further determined the vectorial capacity of Glossina pallidipes, for each of the trypanosome isolates. Results showed that the overall pre-patent (PP) periods were 8.4 ± 0.9 (range, 4–11) and 4.5 ± 0.2 (range, 4–6) for T. congolense and T. brucei isolates, respectively (p < 0.01). Despite the longer mean PP, T. congolense–infected mice exhibited a significantly (p < 0.05) shorter survival time than T. brucei–infected mice, indicating greater virulence. Differences were also noted among the individual isolates with T. congolense KETRI 2909 causing the most acute infection of the entire group with a mean ± standard error survival time of 9 ± 2.1 days. Survival time of infected tsetse flies and the proportion with mature infections at 30 days post-exposure to the infective blood meals varied among isolates, with subacute infection–causing T. congolense EATRO 1829 and chronic infection–causing T. brucei EATRO 2267 isolates showing the highest mature infection rates of 38.5% and 23.1%, respectively. Therefore, our study provides further evidence of occurrence of differences in virulence and transmissibility of eastern African trypanosome strains and has identified two, T. congolense EATRO 1829 and T. brucei EATRO 2267, as suitable for tsetse infectivity and transmissibility experiments.

Responses of tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae) to odour-baited trees

1991 ◽  
Vol 81 (3) ◽  
pp. 323-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Vale
Keyword(s):  
Field Studies ◽  
Glossina Morsitans Morsitans ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Glossina Morsitans ◽  
Free Standing ◽  
Model Trees ◽  
Clear Effect

AbstractField studies in Zimbabwe elucidated how trees might be enhanced as baits for controlling Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood and G. pallidipes Austen. Catches from electrocuting devices at the bases of trees were near nil when sampling tsetse flies landing on the trunk but much greater when sampling them flying within 1 m of the trunk. Catches increased 5–8 times when 2 m2 of the trunk were blackened and given odour of acetone, 1-octen-3-ol, 3-n-propyl phenol and 4-methyl phenol, but were still only ca. 30% of the catches from an odour-baited, free-standing, 1 × 1 m screen of black cloth. The upright trunk of real and model trees hindered their attractiveness but leaves and branches 5 m above ground had no clear effect. Real and artificial stumps of trees were as effective as the screen if they were 1 m2, compact and sharply outlined. The practical and biological implications of the results are discussed, with particular reference to the use of insecticide-treated netting with modified tree stumps as baits for control.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document