Développement de la parole et émergence de la structure prosodique chez l’enfant : une étude de l’accent d’emphase en français

2009 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-136
Author(s):  
Lucie Ménard ◽  
Mélanie Thibeault
Keyword(s):  
Fundamental Frequency ◽  
Acoustic Signal ◽  
Sound Intensity ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
Upper Lip ◽  
Lower Lip ◽  
Contrastive Focus ◽  
Articulatory Movements ◽  
Neutral Conditions

AbstractThis article presents the results of a study on articulatory and acoustical correlates of contrastive focus in French in five children aged 4 and 5 and five adults. The speakers repeated the sequence [baba] in two prosodic contexts: neutral conditions and contrastive focus. The acoustic signal and the trajectories of three sensors placed on the subjects’ upper lip, lower lip, and chin were recorded using an Optotrak system. Articulatory movements were analyzed for the two syllables in the sequence, in each of the two prosodic conditions. Formant measurements, sound intensity, fundamental frequency, and acoustic duration of the segments were also extracted from the acoustic signal. The results show that the effects of contrastive focus are smaller in the children than the adult speakers. The results are interpreted in light of recent theories on the emergence of spoken language in children.

Articulatory and Acoustic Correlates of Contrastive Focus in Congenitally Blind Adults and Sighted Adults

2014 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 793-804 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucie Ménard ◽  
Annie Leclerc ◽  
Mark Tiede
Keyword(s):  
Fundamental Frequency ◽  
Upper Lip ◽  
Contrastive Focus ◽  
Acoustic Correlates ◽  
Speech Representation ◽  
Congenitally Blind ◽  
Focus Condition ◽  
Prosodic Focus ◽  
Acoustic Domain

Purpose The role of vision in speech representation was investigated in congenitally blind speakers and sighted speakers by studying the correlates of contrastive focus, a prosodic condition in which phonemic contrasts are enhanced. It has been reported that the lips (visible articulators) are less involved in implementing the rounding feature for blind speakers. If the weight of visible gestures in speech representation is reduced in blind speakers, they should show different strategies to mark focus-induced prominence. Method Nine congenitally blind French speakers and 9 sighted French speakers were recorded while uttering sentences in neutral and contrastive focus conditions. Internal lip area, upper lip protrusion, and acoustic values (formants, fundamental frequency, duration, and intensity) were measured. Results In the acoustic domain, both groups signaled focus by using comparable values of fundamental frequency, intensity, and duration. Formant values in sighted speakers were more affected by the prosodic condition. In the articulatory domain, sighted speakers significantly altered lip geometry in the contrastive focus condition compared with the neutral condition, whereas blind speakers did not. Conclusion These results suggest that implementation of prosodic focus is affected by congenital visual deprivation. The authors discuss how these findings can be interpreted in the framework of the perception-for-action-control theory.

scholarly journals An Optimal Set of Flesh Points on Tongue and Lips for Speech-Movement Classification

2016 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Wang ◽  
Ashok Samal ◽  
Panying Rong ◽  
Jordan R. Green
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Classification Accuracy ◽  
Clinical Applications ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Upper Lip ◽  
Lower Lip ◽  
Speech Stimuli ◽  
Learning Classifier ◽  
Articulatory Movements ◽  
Optimal Set

Purpose The authors sought to determine an optimal set of flesh points on the tongue and lips for classifying speech movements. Method The authors used electromagnetic articulographs (Carstens AG500 and NDI Wave) to record tongue and lip movements from 13 healthy talkers who articulated 8 vowels, 11 consonants, a phonetically balanced set of words, and a set of short phrases during the recording. We used a machine-learning classifier (support-vector machine) to classify the speech stimuli on the basis of articulatory movements. We then compared classification accuracies of the flesh-point combinations to determine an optimal set of sensors. Results When data from the 4 sensors (T1: the vicinity between the tongue tip and tongue blade; T4: the tongue-body back; UL: the upper lip; and LL: the lower lip) were combined, phoneme and word classifications were most accurate and were comparable with the full set (including T2: the tongue-body front; and T3: the tongue-body front). Conclusion We identified a 4-sensor set—that is, T1, T4, UL, LL—that yielded a classification accuracy (91%–95%) equivalent to that using all 6 sensors. These findings provide an empirical basis for selecting sensors and their locations for scientific and emerging clinical applications that incorporate articulatory movements.

scholarly journals Conservative treatment of a Class I malocclusion with 12 mm overjet, overbite and severe mandibular crowding

2012 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 43-52
Author(s):  
Marcos Alan Vieira Bittencourt ◽  
Arthur Costa Rodrigues Farias ◽  
Marcelo de Castellucci e Barbosa
Keyword(s):  
Class I ◽  
Facial Features ◽  
Conservative Approach ◽  
Upper Lip ◽  
Facial Aesthetics ◽  
Lower Lip ◽  
Angle Class ◽  
Nasolabial Angle ◽  
Lower Arch ◽  
Lower Incisors

INTRODUCTION: A female patient aged 12 years and 2 months had molars and canines in Class II relationship, severe overjet (12 mm), deep overbite (100%), excessive retroclination and extrusion of the lower incisors, upper incisor proclination, with mild midline diastema. Both dental arches appeared constricted and a lower arch discrepancy of less than -6.5 mm. Facially, she had a significant upper incisors display at rest, interposition and eversion of the lower lip, acute nasolabial angle and convex profile. OBJECTIVE: To report a clinical case consisting of Angle Class I malocclusion with deep overbite and overjet in addition to severe crowding treated with a conservative approach. METHODS: Treatment consisted of slight retraction of the upper incisors and intrusion and protrusion of the lower incisors until all crowding was eliminated. RESULTS: Adequate overbite and overjet were achieved while maintaining the Angle Class I canine and molar relationships and coincident midlines. The facial features were improved, with the emergence of a slightly convex profile and lip competence, achieved through a slight retraction of the upper lip and protrusion of the lower lip, while improving the nasolabial and mentolabial sulcus. CONCLUSIONS: This conservative approach with no extractions proved effective and resulted in a significant improvement of the occlusal relationship as well as in the patient's dental and facial aesthetics.

scholarly journals Speech, gesture and the origins of language

2004 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 543-549 ◽  
Author(s):  
WILLEM J. M. LEVELT
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
Genetic Evidence ◽  
Language Origins ◽  
Sole Purpose ◽  
Psychological Mechanisms ◽  
Articulatory Movements ◽  
The 19Th Century

During the second half of the 19th century, the psychology of language was invented as a discipline for the sole purpose of explaining the evolution of spoken language. These efforts culminated in Wilhelm Wundt's monumental Die Sprache of 1900, which outlined the psychological mechanisms involved in producing utterances and considered how these mechanisms could have evolved. Wundt assumes that articulatory movements were originally rather arbitrary concomitants of larger, meaningful expressive bodily gestures. The sounds such articulations happened to produce slowly acquired the meaning of the gesture as a whole, ultimately making the gesture superfluous. Over a century later, gestural theories of language origins still abound. I argue that such theories are unlikely and wasteful, given the biological, neurological and genetic evidence.

Movements of the Upper and Lower Lips during Speech

1986 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 348-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
John W. Folkins ◽  
Jeanne L. Canty
Keyword(s):  
Strain Gauge ◽  
Organizational Systems ◽  
Upper Lip ◽  
Bite Block ◽  
Lower Lip ◽  
Block Sizes ◽  
Open Position ◽  
Normal Speaking ◽  
Speech Articulators

Inferior-superior displacements of the upper lip, lower lip, and jaw were transduced with a strain-gauge system in 4 normal-speaking adults. Movements of the upper and lower lips were compared across conditions in which the jaw was free to move and when bite blocks were used to fix the jaw at four different vertical positions. As jaw-open position was increased with the bite blocks, it was found that: (a) Positions of both lips changed for bilabial closure, but the closing movements did not usually maintain consistent proportions between lips across different bite-block sizes; (b) although the lips maintained fairly consistent maximum interlabial opening across many conditions, this opening was reduced in the small bite-block conditions; and (c) in a few cases there was an increase in the duration of lip-closing movements, but these were small and inconsistent. The findings are discussed relative to possible organizational systems that would produce the observed interactions among speech articulators.

Lip and Jaw Kinematics in Bilabial Stop Consonant Production

1997 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 877-893 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anders Löfqvist ◽  
Vincent L. Gracco
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategy ◽  
High Velocity ◽  
Stop Consonant ◽  
Movement Variability ◽  
Upper Lip ◽  
Lower Lip ◽  
Vowel Context ◽  
Virtual Target ◽  
Contextual Variability ◽  
Consonant Voicing

This paper reports two experiments, each designed to clarify different aspects of bilabial stop consonant production. The first one examined events during the labial closure using kinematic recordings in combination with records of oral air pressure and force of labial contact. The results of this experiment suggested that the lips were moving at a high velocity when the oral closure occurred. They also indicated mechanical interactions between the lips during the closure, including tissue compression and the lower lip moving the upper lip upward. The second experiment studied patterns of upper and lower lip interactions, movement variability within and across speakers, and the effects on lip and jaw kinematics of stop consonant voicing and vowel context. Again, the results showed that the lips were moving at a high velocity at the onset of the oral closure. No consistent influences of stop consonant voicing were observed on lip and jaw kinematics in five subjects, nor on a derived measure of lip aperture. The overall results are compatible with the hypothesis that one target for the lips in bilabial stop production is a region of negative lip aperture. A negative lip aperture implies that to reach their virtual target, the lips would have to move beyond each other. Such a control strategy would ensure that the lips will form an air tight seal irrespective of any contextual variability in the onset positions of their closing movements.

Articulatory peculiarities of the Baraba-Tatar phoneme о /ʊ̇/ (on MRI data)

2021 ◽  
pp. 191-208
Author(s):  
T. R. Ryzhikova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Soft Palate ◽  
Full Description ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Upper Lip ◽  
Acoustic Effect ◽  
Lower Lip ◽  
Vocal System ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri

The paper aims to describe the articulatory traits of the Baraba-Tatar phoneme o /ʊ̇/ by the somatic methods. The method used is magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Eighteen Barabian tomograms comprising o-type articulation have been described and analyzed according to the technique adopted in the V. M. Nadelyayev’s Laboratory of Experimental-Phonetic Researches (Institute of Philology SB RAS). The text provides only general observations and conclusions, with a full description of all tomograms given in three tables. The experimentalphonetic analysis of the Baraba-Tatar tomograms of the vowel o allowed the author to draw several conclusions. There is a variability of the o-type tunings in Barabian, the most typical being the central-back narrow labialized ejective realization. Though it is very narrow and is phonetically transcribed as /ʊ̇/, it is acoustically perceived as o. While producing the sound o, the oral and pharyngeal cavities become very small, producing the effect of tension. Additional narrowing occurs between the soft palate and the tongue back as well as between the upper teeth and the lower lip, thus preventing the airflow from free release. The lip position is also unusual: instead of protruding forward, the upper lip moves back, tightly covering the upper teeth to produce an interesting acoustic effect. To sum up, further investigation of all vocal system units of Baraba-Tatar is needed to draw ultimate conclusions about the typological belonging of the language under consideration.

Non-syndromic double upper lip with triple frena: cosmetic cheiloplasty

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (9) ◽  
pp. e243156
Author(s):  
Monika Gupta ◽  
Harshita Vig ◽  
Yajas Kumar ◽  
Aliza Rizvi
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Distress ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Surgical Management ◽  
Surgical Intervention ◽  
The Other ◽  
Upper Lip ◽  
Lower Lip ◽  
Facial Anomaly ◽  
The Aesthetic ◽  
Functional Problems

Double lip or macrocheilitis is a rare facial anomaly, mostly congenital in origin. It commonly involves the upper lip than the lower lip. It may occur in isolation or as part of the Ascher’s syndrome. It results due to deposition of excessive areolar tissue and non-inflammatory hyperplasia of labial mucosa gland of pars villosa. It may be acquired as a result of injury to the lips or lip-biting habit. The double lip becomes conspicuous when the lips are retracted during smiling resulting in the characteristic ‘cupid’s bow’ appearance. This disfigurement can pose aesthetic and functional problems and may result in psychological distress. A surgical intervention is must for restoration of functions and to address the aesthetic concerns. The present article reports a case of non-syndromic double upper lip with triple labial frena and its surgical management with laser on one side and with scalpel on the other side.

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