scholarly journals Chromosomal distribution of the major insert in Drosophila melanogaster 28S rRNA genes

1981 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. Peacock ◽  
R. Appels ◽  
S. Endow ◽  
D. Glover
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Polytene Chromosomes ◽  
Ribosomal Gene ◽  
Rrna Genes ◽  
Major Type ◽  
Type I ◽  
28S Rrna ◽  
Mitotic Chromosomes ◽  
Chromosomal Distribution

SUMMARYThe major type I insert sequence for the 28S rRNA genes of Drosophila melanogaster has been mapped within the chromosomes using a probe synthesized from a cloned sequence containing the entire 5·4 kb segment. The genomic distribution was shown to be complex in that the insert sequence occurred next to many different types of sequences, in addition to occurring as an insert in the 28S rRNA genes of the X chromosome. In situ hybridization of mitotic chromosomes showed most of the insert units not contained in the ribosomal genes to be located near the ribosomal gene cluster on the X chromosome. Additional sites were detected in polytene chromosomes in region 102C, 8–12 and in the hetero-chromatin of the autosomes.

scholarly journals The cytogenetic boundaries of the rDNA region within heterochromatin of the X chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster and their relation to male meiotic pairing sites

1982 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Appels ◽  
A. J. Hilliker
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Rrna Genes ◽  
Type I ◽  
28S Rrna ◽  
Meiotic Pairing ◽  
Coding Region ◽  
Intervening Sequences ◽  
Single Region ◽  
Rrna Sequences

SummaryThe proximal breakpoints of the inversion chromosomes In(1)ωm4 and In(1)m51b were shown, by in situ hybridization, to define the boundaries of the ribosomal DNA region located within the X chromosome heterochromatin (Xh). We estimate that at least 95% of the rDNA is located between the In(1)ωm4 and In(1)ωm51b proximal breakpoints. In contrast only 60–70% of the Type I intervening sequences located in Xh are located between these breakpoints. The Type I intervening sequences in the rDNA region occur as inserts in the 28S rRNA sequences while the remainder of the sequences are distal to the In(1)ωm4 breakpoint and not associated with rRNA genes.The regions of Xh which contain rDNA and Type I intervening sequences were related to regions shown by Cooper (1964) to contribute to meiotic pairing between the X and Y chromosomes in male Drosophila. We demonstrate that the rRNA coding region contributes to X / Y pairing. However, no single region of Xh is required for fidelity of male meiotic pairing of the sex chromosomes.

scholarly journals Turnover of R1 (type I) and R2 (type II) retrotransposable elements in the ribosomal DNA of Drosophila melanogaster.

Genetics ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 131 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
J L Jakubczak ◽  
M K Zenni ◽  
R C Woodruff ◽  
T H Eickbush
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Rrna Genes ◽  
Type I ◽  
28S Rrna ◽  
Retrotransposable Elements ◽  
Total Percentage ◽  
Length Polymorphisms ◽  
Restriction Sites ◽  
Nucleotide Divergence

Abstract R1 and R2 are distantly related non-long terminal repeat retrotransposable elements each of which inserts into a specific site in the 28S rRNA genes of most insects. We have analyzed aspects of R1 and R2 abundance and sequence variation in 27 geographical isolates of Drosophila melanogaster. The fraction of 28S rRNA genes containing these elements varied greatly between strains, 17-67% for R1 elements and 2-28% for R2 elements. The total percentage of the rDNA repeats inserted ranged from 32 to 77%. The fraction of the rDNA repeats that contained both of these elements suggested that R1 and R2 exhibit neither an inhibition of nor preference for insertion into a 28S gene already containing the other type of element. Based on the conservation of restriction sites in the elements of all strains, and sequence analysis of individual elements from three strains, nucleotide divergence is very low for R1 and R2 elements within or between strains (less than 0.6%). This sequence uniformity is the expected result of the forces of concerted evolution (unequal crossovers and gene conversion) which act on the rRNA genes themselves. Evidence for the role of retrotransposition in the turnover of R1 and R2 was obtained by using naturally occurring 5' length polymorphisms of the elements as markers for independent transposition events. The pattern of these different length 5' truncations of R1 and R2 was found to be diverse and unique to most strains analyzed. Because recombination can only, with time, amplify or eliminate those length variants already present, the diversity found in each strain suggests that retrotransposition has played a critical role in maintaining these elements in the rDNA repeats of D. melanogaster.

Differential elimination of rDNA genes in bobbed mutants of Drosophila melanogaster

1986 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 1023-1031
Author(s):  
R Terracol ◽  
N Prud'homme
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Gene Copy Number ◽  
Rdna Locus ◽  
Gene Copy ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Type I ◽  
28S Rrna ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Y Chromosomes ◽  
Genes Encoding

In Drosophila melanogaster, the multiply repeated genes encoding 18S and 28S rRNA are located on the X and Y chromosomes. A large percentage of these repeats are interrupted in the 28S region by insertions of two types. We compared the restriction patterns from a subcloned wild-type Oregon R strain to those of spontaneous and ethyl methanesulfonate-induced bobbed mutants. Bobbed mutations were found to be deficiencies that modified the organization of the rDNA locus. Genes without insertions were deleted about twice as often as genes with type I insertions. Type II insertion genes were not decreased in number, except in the mutant having the most bobbed phenotype. Reversion to wild type was associated with an increase in gene copy number, affecting exclusively genes without insertions. One hypothesis which explains these results is the partial clustering of genes by type. The initial deletion could then be due either to an unequal crossover or to loss of material without exchange. Some of our findings indicated that deletion may be associated with an amplification phenomenon, the magnitude of which would be dependent on the amount of clustering of specific gene types at the locus.

Detection of a variable number of 18S-5.8S-26S and 5S ribosomal DNA loci by fluorescent in situ hybridization in diploid and tetraploid Arachis species

Genome ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
S N Raina ◽  
Y Mukai
Keyword(s):  
In Situ Hybridization ◽  
5S Rdna ◽  
Gene Families ◽  
Ribosomal Gene ◽  
Rrna Genes ◽  
Tetraploid Species ◽  
Arachis Species ◽  
26S Rdna ◽  
Rdna Loci

In order to obtain new information on the genome organization of Arachis ribosomal DNA, more particularly among A. hypogaea and its close relatives, the distribution of the 18S-5.8S-26S and 5S ribosomal RNA gene families on the chromosomes of 21 diploid and tetraploid Arachis species, selected from six of nine taxonomic sections, was analyzed by in situ hybridization with pTa71 (18S-5.8S-26S rDNA) and pTa794 (5S rDNA) clones. Two major 18S-5.8S-26S rDNA loci with intense signals were found in the nucleolus organizer regions (NOR) of each of the diploid and tetraploid species. In addition to extended signals at major NORs, two to six medium and (or) minute-sized signals were also observed. Variability in the number, size, and location of 18S-5.8S-26S sites could generally distinguish species within the same genome as well as between species with different genomes. The use of double fluorescence in situ hybridization enabled us to locate the positions of 5S rRNA genes in relation to the chromosomal location of 18S-5.8S-26S rRNA genes in Arachis chromosomes which were difficult to karyotype. Two or four 5S rDNA loci and 18S-5.8S-26S rDNA loci were generally located on different chromosomes. The tandemly repeated 5S rDNA sites were diagnostic for T and C genomes. In one species, each of B and Am genomes, the two ribosomal gene families were observed to occur at the same locus. Barring A. ipaensis and A. valida, all the diploid species had characteristic centromeric bands in all the 20 chromosomes. In tetraploid species A. hypogaea and A. monticola only 20 out of 40 chromosomes showed centromeric bands. Comparative studies of distribution of the two ribosomal gene families, and occurrence of centromeric bands in only 20 chromosomes of the tetraploid species suggests that A. villosa and A. ipaensis are the diploid progenitors of A. hypogaea and A. monticola. This study excludes A. batizocoi as the B genome donor species for A. hypogaea and A. monticola.Key words: Arachis species, 5S rRNA, 18S-5.8S-26S rRNA, in situ hybridization, evolution.

Quantitative in situ hybridization of ribosomal RNA species to polytene chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster

1977 ◽  
Vol 115 (3) ◽  
pp. 539-563 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Szabo ◽  
Robert Elder ◽  
Dale M. Steffensen ◽  
Olke C. Uhlenbeck
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
In Situ Hybridization ◽  
Ribosomal Rna ◽  
Polytene Chromosomes

scholarly journals The distribution of transposable elements within and between chromosomes in a population of Drosophila melanogaster. I. Element frequencies and distribution

1992 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Charlesworth ◽  
Angela Lapid ◽  
Darlene Canada
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Linkage Disequilibrium ◽  
Transposable Elements ◽  
Copy Number ◽  
Polytene Chromosomes ◽  
Chromosome Band ◽  
High Frequencies ◽  
Copy Numbers

SummaryData were collected on the distribution of nine families of transposable elements among second and third chromosomes isolated from a natural population of Drosophila melanogaster, by means of in situ hybridization of element probes to polytene chromosomes. It was found that the copy numbers per chromosome in the distal sections of the chromosome arms followed a Poisson distribution. Elements appeared to be distributed randomly along the distal sections of the chromosome arms. There was no evidence for linkage disequilibrium in the distal sections of the chromosomes, but some significant disequilibrium was detected in proximal regions. There were many significant correlations between different element families with respect to the identity of the sites that were occupied in the sample. There were also significant correlations between families with respect to sites at which elements achieved relatively high frequencies. Element frequencies per chromosome band were generally low in the distal sections, but were higher proximally. These results are discussed in the light of models of the population dynamics of transposable elements. It is concluded that they provide strong evidence for the operation of a force or forces opposing transpositional increase in copy number. The data suggest that the rate of transposition perelement per generation is of the order of 10−4, for the elements included in this study.

scholarly journals Differential elimination of rDNA genes in bobbed mutants of Drosophila melanogaster.

1986 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 1023-1031 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Terracol ◽  
N Prud'homme
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Gene Copy Number ◽  
Rdna Locus ◽  
Gene Copy ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Type I ◽  
28S Rrna ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Y Chromosomes ◽  
Genes Encoding

In Drosophila melanogaster, the multiply repeated genes encoding 18S and 28S rRNA are located on the X and Y chromosomes. A large percentage of these repeats are interrupted in the 28S region by insertions of two types. We compared the restriction patterns from a subcloned wild-type Oregon R strain to those of spontaneous and ethyl methanesulfonate-induced bobbed mutants. Bobbed mutations were found to be deficiencies that modified the organization of the rDNA locus. Genes without insertions were deleted about twice as often as genes with type I insertions. Type II insertion genes were not decreased in number, except in the mutant having the most bobbed phenotype. Reversion to wild type was associated with an increase in gene copy number, affecting exclusively genes without insertions. One hypothesis which explains these results is the partial clustering of genes by type. The initial deletion could then be due either to an unequal crossover or to loss of material without exchange. Some of our findings indicated that deletion may be associated with an amplification phenomenon, the magnitude of which would be dependent on the amount of clustering of specific gene types at the locus.

scholarly journals Rates of movement of transposable elements on the second chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster

2000 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 275-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
XULIO MASIDE ◽  
STAVROULA ASSIMACOPOULOS ◽  
BRIAN CHARLESWORTH
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Transposable Elements ◽  
Polytene Chromosomes ◽  
Mutation Accumulation ◽  
Long Terminal Repeats ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Transposable Element Copy ◽  
Excision Rate

The rates of movement of 11 families of transposable elements of Drosophila melanogaster were studied by means of in situ hybridization of probes to polytene chromosomes of larvae from a long-term mutation accumulation experiment. Replicate mutation-accumulation lines carrying second chromosomes derived from a single common ancestral chromosome were maintained by backcrosses of single males heterozygous for a balancer chromosome and a wild-type chromosome, and were scored after 116 generations. Twenty-seven transpositions and 1 excision were detected using homozygous viable and fertile second chromosomes, for a total of 235056 potential sources of transposition events and a potential 252880 excision events. The overall transposition rate per element per generation was 1·15×10−4 and the excision rate was 3·95×10−6. The single excision (of a roo element) was due to recombination between the element's long terminal repeats. A survey of the five most active elements among nine homozygous lethal lines revealed no significant difference in the estimates of transposition and excision rates from those from viable lines. The excess of transposition over excision events is in agreement with the results of other in situ hybridization experiments, and supports the conclusion that replicative increase in transposable element copy number is opposed by selection. These conclusions are compared with those from other studies, and with the conclusions from population surveys of element frequencies.

Sequences isolated from a Drosophila early-ecdysone puff are expressed in rat liver

1984 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 387-396 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmen Arribas ◽  
Marta Izquierdo
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Rat Liver ◽  
Recombinant Dna ◽  
Polytene Chromosomes ◽  
Mammary Glands ◽  
Nucleic Acid Hybridization ◽  
Adult Rat ◽  
Dna And Rna ◽  
Polyadenylated Rna

We have studied the presence of a cloned fragment of DNA from Drosophila melanogaster in other organisms by means of nucleic acid hybridization analysis. The isolated region is localized in polytene chromosomes at the 63F subdivision. This region includes a puff that responds within minutes to ecdysone stimulation. We have found that 63F DNA from D. melanogaster hybridizes ‘in situ’ to both DNA and RNA from D. simulans, D. teissieri, and D. hydei. In all these species the isolated DNA remains associated with one early-ecdysone stimulated puff. The isolated Drosophila recombinant DNA is also complementary to polyadenylated RNA from foetal and adult rat liver but fails to hybridize to the nonpolyadenylated RNA classes from both sources and to polyadenylated RNA from rat mammary glands.

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