The Alston Block

1928 ◽  
Vol 65 (10) ◽  
pp. 433-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. M. Trotter ◽  
S. E. Hollingworth
Keyword(s):  
Rigid Block ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
Lower Carboniferous ◽  
The North ◽  
Fault Block ◽  
Eastern Boundary ◽  
Northern Half ◽  
Southern Half ◽  
Coal Measures

The area covered by this paper embraces the northern end of the Pennines—the uplands of Lower Carboniferous rocks centred about Alston, together with the low ground of the Tyne-Irthing gap to the north. It is bounded on the west by the Vale of Eden. The Pennine portion is separated structurally from the regions to the north and west by the Stublick and Pennine Faults respectively. The former trends E.N.E., it has a downthrow to the north and has resulted in the preservation of the string of Coal Measures outliers which form a connecting link between the Cumberland and Northumberland coalfields. The Pennine Fault, trending S.S.E., with a throw of several thousand feet to the west, brings the New Red rocks of the Vale of Eden against the Lower Carboniferous beds of the Pennine Escarpment. These two faults meet at right angles near Castle Carrock. To the south the Pennine Fault dies out near Stainmore, and another dislocation, the Dent Fault, trending S.S.W., develops, and eventually links up with the Craven Faults which have an E.S.E. trend. These four faults, as pointed out by Professor Kendall, have the form of a reversed 3, and the region within this figure has become known generally as the Northumbrian Fault Block. Professor Marr has aptly termed the southern half of this area the “Rigid Block”. The northern half of the Northumbrian Fault Block, which will be shown to possess many characters in common with the southern half, is here called the “Aiston Block”. Its limits are defined on three sides—by the Stublick Fault on the north, the Pennine Fault on the west, and by the Stainmore depression on the south. The last thus divides the Northumbrian Fault Block into two, physiographically and structurally. The eastern boundary of the Alston Block is concealed beneath the Mesozoic rocks.

scholarly journals Observations upon the marine barometer, made during the examina­tion of the coasts of New Holland and New Wales, in the Years 1801, 1802, and 1803. By Matthew Flinders, Esq. Com­mander of His Majesty’s Ship Investigator . In a letter to the Right Hon. Sir Joseph Banks, K. B. P. R. S. &c. &c. &c

1832 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 230-232
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
South Coast ◽  
The South ◽  
South Side ◽  
The North ◽  
North Side ◽  
Northern Half ◽  
Southern Half ◽  
The Right

The chief circumstance that induced Capt. Flinders to think his observations Upon the marine barometer were worthy of attention, was the coincidence that took place between the rising and falling of the mercury, and the setting in of winds that blew from the sea and from off the land, to which there seemed to be at least as much reference as to the strength of the wind or the state of the atmosphere. Our author’s examination of the coasts of New Holland and the other parts of the Terra Australis, began at Cape Leuwen, and con­tinued eastward along the south coast. His observations, which, on account of their length, we must pass over, show, that a change of wind from the northern half of the compass to any point in the southern half, caused the mercury to rise; and that a contrary change caused it to fall. Also, that the mercury stood considerably higher When the wind came from the south side of east and west, than when, in similar weather, it came from the north side.

IV.—The Upper Trias of Leicestershire

1913 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 205-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Horwood
Keyword(s):  
Black Shales ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
West Side ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
Eastern Boundary ◽  
East End

Although the Rhætic beds are not exposed continuously along the eastern boundary of the Keuper outcrop, they have been proved at many points from the River Trent in the north on the Nottinghamshire border to Glen Parva in the south. South of this point there is so much drift, and borings within the Liassic outcrop have been so isolated or shallow, that there is a gap in our knowledge of the intervening ground between the last point and the Rugby district. The Countesthorpe boring, carried to a depth of over 600 feet, encountered Upper Keuper beneath the Drift, with no intervening Rhætics. Commencing in the north in the Gotham district the two outliers are capped above the Red Marl and Tea-green Marl with Rhætic beds, and Lower Lias Limestone (Ps. planorbe zone) above. At Ash Spinney at the south end of the southern outlier, and at the east end of Crownend Wood, Black Shales with Avicula contorta crop out; and on the west side septaria are seen. On the north-west side of the northern outlier at Cottager's Hill Protocardium phillipianum has been found in a well-section near the lane. Rhætic shales are seen in the shafts driven for gypsum works about Gotham.

The Bantu Expansion and the SOAS Network

1988 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 261-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin Flight
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Line ◽  
The South ◽  
Irregular Boundary ◽  
African Languages ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Northern Half ◽  
Southern Half ◽  
Independent Families ◽  
The Many

One difference between linguists and other Africanists seemed to be that others were prepared to jettison one part of their training to help other disciplines, but linguists apparently would not. Was this so, and if so, why?The Bantu expansion has been a problem for historians ever since the recognition by linguists of a single startling fact. During the nineteenth century, the descriptions of African languages available to scholars in Europe grew steadily in number; they also tended to gain in detail, and in accuracy. It thus became increasingly clear that a sinuous line could be traced across the map distinguishing a zone of extremely high diversity in the north from a zone of low diversity in the south. By the 1880s a popularizing writer could claim that this contrast was generally recognized “by students of African languages.” The situation as he described it was that in the northern half of the continent there are bewildering multitudes of diverse tongues belonging to many independent families, and apparently irreducible to a common origin. Yet cross the irregular boundary-line which runs over the continent from 6° N. on the west coast to the Equator on the east coast … and what do we find? Why that the whole of the southern half of Africa, with the exception of the Masai and Galla intrusion in the north-east and the Hottentot enclave in the south-west, is the domain of a single homogeneous family of languages, … differing perhaps less among themselves than do the many offshoots of the Aryan stock.

The Pit Alignment at Eskbank Nurseries

1985 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 149-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Barber ◽  
P. Strong ◽  
I. Mate ◽  
S. W. Bailey ◽  
B. Moffat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aerial Photographs ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
The North ◽  
Northern Half

Eskbank Nurseries, a market garden allotment some 200 m long and 30 to 40 m wide, lies at approximately 70 m OD on a relatively level terrace overlooking the south bank of the river North Esk (fig. 1). The excavated area is centred on NT320660 and lies within the two superimposed Roman camps first noted as crop marks by St Joseph in 1965 and subsequently excavated by Maxfield in 1972. Her excavation areas I and II were sited to investigate a pit alignment, visible on the aerial photographs and plotted by her (Maxfield 1974, 142, fig. 1). In the event no pits were discovered by excavation, a fact attributable to an unfavourable combination of weather and soil conditions (Maxfield 1974, 150). The pit alignment did not, of course, appear as a crop mark in the deep market-garden soils of the Nurseries but, by extrapolation of Maxfield's plot, it was clear that it must cross the northern half of the allotment, possibly intersecting the north ditch of the earlier of the Roman camps (Maxfield's Camp A) on the west edge of the site.

scholarly journals IX. On the fossil floras of the Wyre Forest, with special reference to the geology of the coalfield and its relationships to the neighbouring coal measure areas

1914 ◽  
Vol 204 (303-312) ◽  
pp. 363-445 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Special Reference ◽  
Coal Measure ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
The North ◽  
Fossil Floras ◽  
Coal Measures ◽  
North And South

In the Western Midlands of England and along the Welsh Borderland a series of coalfields occurs parallel to the course of the River Severn, and, for the most part, situated to the West of that river. The main links in this chain begin in the North with the Shrewsbury coalfield. Next follows the Le Botwood area, then Coalbrookdale and the Wyre Forest. Further still to the South is the little coalfield of Newent in Gloucestershire. This line terminates in the Forest of Dean and Bristol coalfields. In addition, a few detached areas of coal measures, of which the Clee Hills are the most important, lie further to the West. To the North of Shrewsbury, the line is continued by the Denbighshire (Wrexham) and the Flintshire coalfields, both situated for the most part to the West of the Dee. There is little doubt that the coalfields lying along this line, roughly North and South, are not all related to one another, either stratigraphically or tectonically. We are concerned here with the fields beginning with the Shrewsbury and ending with the Newent areas, and more especially with that of the Wyre Forest. We may at once exclude from primary consideration the Forest of Dean and Bristol fields in the South, and the Dee Valley coalfields in the North, as being quite unrelated, at least stratigraphically, to the Wyre Forest.

scholarly journals II.—On the Cudgegong Diamond Field, New South Wales

1879 ◽  
Vol 6 (10) ◽  
pp. 444-458
Author(s):  
Norman Taylor ◽  
R. Etheridge
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
The West ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
North Side ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Northern Half ◽  
Southern Half ◽  
Extreme North ◽  
The Hill

The next appearance of the older lead is at the “Rocky-ridge,” where the river, after running northerly for three-quarters of a mile, along the strike of the metamorphic beds, turns abruptly to the west. This ridge is a basalt-capped hill on the north side of the river, running in a north-west direction; it is about a mile long, with a bold rocky escarpment on its west side, facing the Sandy or Cudgebeyong Creek. Some tunnels have been driven in, and shafts sunk on this hill, and tolerably rich deposits of gold were found, but never followed out.Only in the southern half of the hill have diamonds been found(all more or less spotted).The drift is remark-able for the number and size of the agates it contains.The northern half of “the ridge” is underlaid by another outlier of the before-mentioned doubtful purple conglomerate, into which some tunnels have been driven in the western escarpment.The basalt is merely a fringe here, resting against the flank of the conglomerate, in which a small quantity of nuggetty gold was obtained;and form one to two inches thickness of lignite, or carbonaceous clay, is seen between it and the bottom of the basalt. Tte basali is intersected by numerous veins of a mineral allied to kaolin. The purple con-glomerate is similar in character to that near “the flat”and contains, on some of the joint faces, smll spherical crystalline aggreations of chalybite(carbonate of iron).At the extreme north ead of “the ridge”are great quantities of ironstone and conglomerate, but, from their Carbpniferous series, which is largely developed further north.The first diamonds which found their way to Melbourne were obtained.

scholarly journals IV.—The Age of the “Pennine Chain.”

1879 ◽  
Vol 6 (11) ◽  
pp. 500-504
Author(s):  
E. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
The North ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One ◽  
Coal Measures ◽  
Hilly Tract

The “Pennine Chain” is the name (restored about fifty years ago by Conybeare and Phillips from the “Alpes Penini” of the Romans) for that hilly tract of country that stretches from the borders of Scotland on the North to the centre of Derbyshire on the South. This important range possesses the structure of a great, though complex, anticlinal, the result of a meridional movement of upheaval that took place at a remote period in the physical history of our island.This axis of elevation, which ranges a little west of Narth through North Derbyshire and Yorkshire, throws off the Coal-measures of Yorkshire and Derbyshire on the one side, and those of Lancashire and North Staffordshire on the other, with a steeper did on the West, and a gentler inclination on the East. The maximum of this upheaval is attained in North Derbyshire, where a dome-shaped mass of Mountain Limestone has been exposed at the surface at an altitude of 1500 feet above the sea.

Some Unmapped Faults in the Lower Carboniferous of Westmorland and their Relation to the Dent Fault System

1927 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 80-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Fault System ◽  
Rigid Block ◽  
The South ◽  
Principal Line ◽  
Direction Parallel ◽  
Lower Carboniferous ◽  
Crustal Movements ◽  
Local Increase ◽  
The North ◽  
Two Systems

Summary and Conclusions1. The Dent Fault diminishes in throw towards the north, and is almost non-existent 3 miles south of Kirkby Stephen.2. The principal line of dislocation is then displaced about a mile to the east, where there is a steep monoclinal fold, replaced sometimes by a fault, running in a direction parallel to the Dent Fault and also having a downthrow to the east.3. Further parallel faults, many of them hitherto unmapped, assist in the subsidence of the country to the east.4. Cross-faults, in most cases with downthrow to the south, accommodate the margin of the “Rigid Block” to local increase or decrease of throw.5. These two systems of faults are of approximately the same age, and were brought about by the same crustal movements.

V.—The Upper Trias of Leicestershire

1913 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 73-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Horwood
Keyword(s):  
Good Deal ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
South West ◽  
Good Feature ◽  
Boulder Clay ◽  
Lower Keuper ◽  
Coal Measures

This district is bounded on the north by the Coalville and Ashby line, on the west and south by the county boundaries, on the east by the Shackerstone and Market Bosworth lines. In the north are exposures of Coal-measures, Permian breccias, and Bunter, which the Trias in turn rests upon unconformably. The Lower Keuper forms a long tract on the west not more than two miles in breadth, forming a good feature, the sandstones giving rise to scarps, whilst the Red Mail occupies the rest of the district to the east. On the south-west beds of sandstone form marked features, which also give rise to bold escarpments, whilst the Red Marl itself constitutes a uniform plateau with little or no variation in heights. There are few exposures in the marls, which on the extreme east are covered by a mantle of Boulder-clay and sands. The River Sence and the Sence Brook, however, cut down to the lower parts of the Red Marl, and a good deal of alluvium fills the valleys to the south. The altitude over most of this ground rises uniformly above 300 feet, and in some parts to over 400, rarely sinking below 250. A ridge of hills is formed by the Orton Sandstone striking north-west and south-east, and another ridge meets it at right angles from Market Bosworth.

I 10, 8 and 9

1997 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Ling ◽  
Paul Arthur ◽  
Georgia Clarke ◽  
Estelle Lazer ◽  
Lesley A. Ling ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Late Stage ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
West Side ◽  
South Side ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
Eastern Boundary ◽  
The One ◽  
Northeast Corner

This complex consists of an atrium-house from which a front room has been separated at a late stage to form an independent shop or workshop. Together they occupy the north-west corner of the insula, the house opening northwards and the shop westwards. Before the shop was separated from it, the house had a relatively broad facade (approx. 14 m.), but the oblique alignment of the insula boundary to the west resulted in a considerable contraction towards the rear. At the southern end of the roofed part of the house, coinciding with the south walls of rooms 10 and 12, the property is only 10 m. wide; and the garden beyond this, thanks primarily to a shift in the line of the eastern boundary becomes even narrower, contracting to less than 8.50 m. As in the Casa del Fabbro, the atrium (1) is set against one of the property boundaries, this time the west rather than the east; but, owing to the greater width of the house, it is broader (from 7.20 to 8.20 m.) and still allows space for a deep room on the east. The impluvium is centrally positioned in relation to the short (south) side. The fauces, however, enters the atrium somewhat off-centre, 3.80 m. from the northeast corner and 2.70 m. from the north-west, presumably in order to obtain three more or less equally sized rooms on the north facade. As the plot contracts toward the rear, this tripartite division becomes more difficult; the outlying rooms, on the west side particularly are uncomfortably narrow and cramped. Of the three rooms on the north front, the westernmost is the one which in the final period had become a shop with an independent entrance (I 10, 9); it had formerly been a corner room opening from the atrium via a doorway immediately adjacent to the fauces, but this doorway was blocked and a new entrance, 2.30 m. wide, quoined in opus listatum, was opened in the west wall (Pl 90). The lava threshold (Fig. 61) points to fittings typical of a shop: a separate pivoted door and vertical planks set overlapping in a groove.

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