scholarly journals III.—The Geological History of South Africa

1906 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 161-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. H. Hatch
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Shallow Water ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Geological History ◽  
The West ◽  
Sea Bottom ◽  
Water Conditions ◽  
History Of ◽  
Continental Area

After the granites, gneisses, schists, and sediments which make up the Swaziland System had been elevated to form a continental area extending over the northern and western portions of South Africa, denudation began, and the material thus produced was carried to the sea to form the Witwatersrand Beds. The nature of these sediments—they consist of conglomerates, grits, and shales—indicates a marine period with shallow-water conditions, which continued almost uninterruptedly during their deposition. They were accumulated first on a sinking, and then on a rising sea bottom, for the lower beds are composed largely of mud and fine sand, conglomerates only becoming abundant in the upper beds, which were formed in the later portion of the period when the sea had become sufficiently shallow to allow of the accumulation of shingle and gravel. There is evidence in the Southern Transvaal that the land from which the sediments were mainly derived lay to the west, the sea to the east, for the lower Witwatersrand Beds, which consist solely of mudstones and fine sandstones in the east, gradually develop conglomerates with a decreasing amount of shale towards the west.

Hardgrounds in the Lower Leintwardine Beds (Silurian) of the Welsh Borderland

1980 ◽  
Vol 117 (4) ◽  
pp. 311-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lesley Cherns
Keyword(s):  
Shallow Water ◽  
Aerial Exposure ◽  
Subsequent Removal ◽  
Faunal Assemblage ◽  
Inner Shelf ◽  
Water Conditions ◽  
History Of

SummaryThe base of the Lower Leintwardine Beds (Silurian-Ludlow Series) in the shelf sequences of the Welsh Borderland is marked by a widespread development of shelly conglomeratic limestone beds. Borings into some intraclasts indicate that they were hardgrounds. The early lithification, sometimes in situ, of both sand-grade and mud-grade carbonates is demonstrated by the conglomerates. Some compound intraclasts (‘hiatus concretions’) indicate a complex history of deposition, scouring and lithification. Boring of clasts which have not been further eroded is inferred to have taken place locally. The borings are of the narrow, single entrance form referable to Trypanites. The distribution of the conglomerates relates closely to Leintwardinian palaeogeography. Repeated hardground formation in sequences of inner shelf areas reflects episodic deposition alternating with periods of omission and erosion. There is evidence throughout the shelf of a break in sedimentation with hardground formation at the end of Bringewoodian times. The nature of the conglomerates suggests that they formed in shallow water conditions; there is no lithological indication of sub-aerial exposure. The absence of the Aymestry Limestone in the SE shelf is more probably due to its non-deposition or lateral lithological change to muddier beds with a different faunal assemblage than to its subsequent removal by erosion.

The Difaqane: The Mfecane in the Southern Sotho Area, 1822–24

1967 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
William F. Lye
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
The West ◽  
New Information ◽  
History Of

The accounts of theDifaqanewritten in all the major histories of South Africa are based on three books which were written over fifty years ago: G. W. Stow,The Native Races of South Africa; D. F. Ellenberger and J. C. Macgregor,The History of the Bosuto; and especially the earliest, G. M. Theal,History of South Africa.Certain contradictions exist between the story as told in these accounts and the evidence brought to light by the publication of the journals of Robert Moffat and David Livingstone. The object of this study is to reconstruct the events of the wars from the broadest possible evidence to give a more complete description, and thereby to test the revision implicit in the new information.This revision is required properly to identify the participants in the battles which were observed by Europeans in the western Tswana lands, especially the battle at Dithakong. In the earlier histories all the battles were attributed to the ‘Mantatee’, a name properly applied to one group of Tlokwa ruled at the time by the regentess, MmaNthatisi. Now it is possible to show that these Tlokwa were never in the west, but restricted their migrations to the valley of the Caledon River. Nor can their enemies, the Hlubi of Mpangazita and the Ngwane of Matiwane, be blamed, for they too remained in the east. Rather, the victims of these three bands, the Sotho peoples of the Caledon valley, can be identified as the aggressors among the Tswana beyond the Vaal. Moffat identified the Phuting of Tshane and the Hlakwana of Nkgaraganye. Livingstone demonstrated the role played by Sebetwane and his Fokeng, and Thomas Hodgson implicated Moletsane, the Taung.While many gaps in our information still exist, this reconstruction seems to justify the revision of the accepted account of theDifaqane.

scholarly journals Confirming Tradition: Confirming Change – A Social History of the Cricket Tours to New Zealand in the 1930s

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Owen Mann
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Social History ◽  
West Indies ◽  
Attitudes And Beliefs ◽  
Sporting Events ◽  
The West ◽  
The Press ◽  
History Of

<p><b>This study examines the eight tours to New Zealand by visiting cricketing teams between 1930 and 1939. There were four tours made by the Marylebone Cricket Club along with inaugural visits by the West Indies, South Africa, an England Women's XI, and lastly the Julien Cahn XI. These tours were major events for contemporaries, attracting large crowds and much attention in the press. They are a focus for an examination of New Zealand’s relations with other parts of the world, specifically other parts of the Empire. The tours were major sporting events, but also prompted wider popular and public discussion of nationhood, race, gender and the role of sport in society and the Empire.</b></p> <p>For the New Zealand public in the 1930s, cricket was a game that connected them with their British and imperial heritage during a period of uncertainty. For the cricket community of New Zealand the tours were massive undertakings due to the substantial financial commitment required and poor results, but the tours continued because of the strong associations and core beliefs that cricket nurtured and because of a love of the game. Though these tours contained few moments of on-field achievement for the hosts they say much about how New Zealanders of that decade viewed themselves and others.</p> <p>Drawing primarily on the dense contemporary press coverage 'Confirming Tradition, Confirming Change' examines cricket's capacity to operate as more than a game - it acts as a conduit for understanding the broader social attitudes and beliefs of the time. Each of the tours contains an internal narrative concerning entrenched traditions and bonds and their interplay with newer realities and considerations. Cricket was largely administered by bodies that emphasised the traditions and conservative structures of the game, but the teams themselves represented and engaged with the changing expectations and realities of sport in this decade. Cricket was changing from within, exemplified by the expansion of test cricket but also influenced by external elements such as the growth of radio commentary and cinema. This study examines the eight tours in three chronologically bracketed chapters focusing on issues of race in the tours by the MCC of 1929-30, the West Indies in 1930-31 and South Africa in 1931-32; the issue of gender and identity in the tours by the MCC of 1932-33 and the England Women of 1934-35; and issues of professionalism/commercialism and differences in player and public expectations in the tours by the MCC in 1935-36, 1936-37 and the Julien Cahn XI in 1938-39. Throughout the eight tours there were tensions between tradition and change, sometimes exhibited between New Zealand crowds and visiting teams, sometimes between administrators and players. The tours may have reflected the weakness of New Zealand cricket, but the local players' and spectators' commitment to Empire is apparent through the continued perseverance at a sport that at the time represented imperial loyalty and global British communality.</p>

I.—The Geological History of South Africa

1906 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 97-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. H. Hatch
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
South African ◽  
Coastal Area ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Geological History ◽  
Physical Conditions ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
History Of The South ◽  
Broad Outline

The subject of this address is a brief acount of the succession, thickness, and geological history of the South African, and more especially of the Transvaal, formations. The information necessary for such an account is of course very incomplete, but in broad outline the succession is now known, and some speculation as to the physical conditions that prevailed during the building up of the region may perhaps be permitted. I propose to deal with the period of the geological history of this country that came to an end with the close of Karroo times. The Karroo period ends with the Stormberg rocks (Rhæitic), and since that time South Africa has, with the exception of a small coastal area, been a land surface, and the rocks have consequently been exposed uninterruptedly to the forces of denudation.

The geological history of the Sandettie-Fairy Bank area, southern North Sea

1975 ◽  
Vol 279 (1288) ◽  
pp. 257-267 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
North Sea ◽  
Geological History ◽  
Medium Sand ◽  
The West ◽  
Geological Evidence ◽  
Sea Floor ◽  
Topographic Features ◽  
The North ◽  
History Of ◽  
Erosion Surface

Tertiary strata with a low northeasterly dip, truncated by an erosion surface with low westerly dip, form the basement in the Sandettie—Fairy Bank gap except in the northwest part of the area where a basin is cut into the Tertiary strata. This basin is filled with a sequence of late Pleistocene sands overlain by Holocene sands which form the major topographic features of the Sandettie and Fairy Banks and the low sea-floor col linking them. The surface of the banks and col are moulded into transverse ridges up to 10 m in amplitude and 200 m in wavelength. Three types of ridges are present: at the north end of the col, linear transverse ridges of irregular amplitude and wavelength occur with a flint gravel base grading up into medium sand; these ridges are fossil features of Preboreal-Subboreal age. At the south end of the col there are symmetrical sandwaves of regular amplitude and wavelength which, from geological evidence, appear to be stable. To the west of Sandettie Bank and the col there are south-facing asymmetrical sandwaves which on geological evidence, are potentially mobile and which later sedimentological investigations revealed to be moving southwards in one area.

Carbonate isotope chemostratigraphy suggests revisions to the geological history of the West Finnmark Caledonides, northern Norway

2006 ◽  
Vol 163 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Slagstad ◽  
V.A. Melezhik ◽  
C.L. Kirkland ◽  
K.B. Zwaan ◽  
D. Roberts ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Geological History ◽  
The West ◽  
Northern Norway ◽  
History Of

scholarly journals The cave crickets of the genus Dolichopoda from Evvia and Skyros islands: formal description of D. octhoniai and D. saraolacosi (Orthoptera: Rhaphidophoridae)

2015 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sotiris Alexiou ◽  
Claudio Di Russo ◽  
Mauro Rampini
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Characters ◽  
The Other ◽  
Formal Description ◽  
Geological History ◽  
The West ◽  
Aegean Area ◽  
Taxonomic Description ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Time ◽  
Of Greece

Two species, <em>D. octhoniai</em> from Evvia and<em> D. saraolacosi</em> from Skyros island (Greece) are morphologically described. These two species were collected for the first time at the end of the ‘70s but they were recorded only as nomina nuda without any formal taxonomic description<em>. D. octhoniai</em> is very similar to the other Evvian species <em>D. makrikapa</em> and to<em> D. vandeli</em> and D<em>. petrochilosi</em> from Viotia and Attiki respectively, differing from them only by a few morphological characters. On the other hand<em> D. saraolacos</em>i is very different from all the other species of Central Greece and West Aegean showing some affinity only with the Attiki species <em>D</em>. <em>insignis</em> and with the South Evvian species<em> D. cassagnaui.</em> Relationships among the species inhabiting caves of this area of Greece are discussed in relation to the complex geological history of the West Aegean area and the adjacent mainland.

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