scholarly journals NARRATIVES OF DECLINE IN THE DUTCH NATIONAL SOCIALIST MOVEMENT, 1931–1945

2017 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 205-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
NATHANIËL KUNKELER
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Political History ◽  
Dutch Republic ◽  
National Socialist ◽  
German Occupation ◽  
Contemporary State ◽  
Political Message ◽  
Socialist Movement ◽  
Ideological Difference

AbstractGeneric fascism scholarship, which has turned strongly towards cultural political history in recent years, has focused heavily on themes of rebirth in fascist culture, but rebirth's counterpart of decline remains under-researched. After emphasizing the existence of several distinct and even mutually exclusive ideological strands in the NSB, this article shows how ideological difference was marked by narratives of decline. But they were equally used to generate a coherent political message about the contemporary state of the Netherlands. Central to their functionality as a unifying tool was party newspaper Volk en Vaderland, which served to promote a patriotic, news-focused, and peculiarly Dutch narrative of decline that overarched ideological difference. Yet more than just tying ends together, one narrative in particular served as a crucial ideological constant in the Movement, namely the Leider Anton Mussert's narrative of decline since the early modern Golden Age of the Dutch Republic, which tied traditional liberal patriotic themes into fascist discourse. Where other historians have emphasized Mussert's lack of moral and ideological leadership, the article impresses how narratives of decline functioned as moral support, and rallied NSB loyalists throughout the German occupation of the Netherlands, until Mussert's own death.

The Paradox of “A High Standard of Public Honesty”

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Kennedy ◽  
Ronald Kroeze
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Side Effect ◽  
High Standard ◽  
Dutch Republic ◽  
Liberal Politics ◽  
Patronage Politics ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The World ◽  
Late Nineteenth

This chapter takes as its starting point the contemporary idea that the Netherlands is one of the least corrupt countries in the world; an idea that it dates back to the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries. In this chapter, the authors explain how corruption was controlled in the Netherlands against the background of the rise and fall of the Dutch Republic, modern statebuilding and liberal politics. However, the Dutch case also presents some complexities: first, the decrease in some forms of corruption was due not to early democratization or bureaucratization, but was rather a side-effect of elite patronage-politics; second, although some early modern forms of corruption disappeared around this period, new forms have emerged in more recent times.

‘Dat dit Nederlant is’

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 226-236
Author(s):  
MARLOES VREUGDENHIL
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Dutch Republic ◽  
The Republic

‘Dat dit Nederlant is’. The Netherlands described in six world atlases (1571-1664) Despite vast research on early modern atlases and their maps, little is known about texts in atlases. This study focusses on these texts in verso about the Netherlands in six early modern Dutch world atlases (1571- 1664). Through their comprehensive descriptions and characterization of the Netherlands, these texts confirm and shape an image of the Netherlands and especially of the Dutch Republic. The study found that the atlases used the same sources and copy or paraphrase each other. This causes a delay in information, but also establishes a vast and repeated image of the Dutch Republic, with emphasis on the continuation of the Seventeen Netherlands into the Republic, the freedom and independence of the Provinces, and the trade and prosperity of the young Republic.

State–merchant relations and economic thought: the Dutch Republic and England, 1580–1720

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Erikson
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Public Sphere ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Public Discourse ◽  
Economic Thought ◽  
Dutch Republic ◽  
The Public ◽  
Emerging Nations ◽  
The Public Sphere ◽  
Print Industry

Abstract The commercially and financially dynamic early modern Dutch Republic experienced a broad expansion of the public sphere and print industry. One topic was largely absent from this boom: trade, commerce and finance. This absence is particularly notable given that the Dutch Republic was widely considered to be the most accomplished site of expertise in those matters. Instead, a discourse attempting to understand the causes and consequences of market processes emerged in England. A comparison between the two emerging nations suggests that the tight integration between the commercial and political worlds in the Netherlands discouraged the development of a public discourse on economic matters. High levels of merchant representation in the offices of state depressed the need for the type of public debate that stimulated advances in the English context. The results suggest that there is an important relational component to the formation and development of economic thought.

scholarly journals Organising National Socialism: Nazi Organisation in Sweden and the Netherlands, 1931–1939

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 351-365
Author(s):  
Nathaniël Kunkeler
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
National Socialism ◽  
Final Analysis ◽  
National Context ◽  
National Socialist ◽  
Organisational Model ◽  
Party Cohesion ◽  
Socialist Movement ◽  
Demographic Distribution ◽  
National Infrastructure

This article compares the party apparatuses of the National Socialist Movement of the Netherlands and the National Socialist Workers’ Party of Sweden. These two parties, founded in the 1930s, both to some extent mimicked the organisational model of Hitler's party in Germany. While this has been frequently noted, the deployment of this model in practice has not been analysed in any detail. The article explores the specific characters of the Swedish and Dutch fascist party organisations diachronically vis-à-vis propaganda, member activism and internal cohesion, highlighting their changes, successes and failures. The comparison reveals that the party apparatus was highly dependent on the specifics of national infrastructure, demographic distribution and urbanisation and the physical landscape, with notable consequences for internal party cohesion and morale. In the final analysis the relative appeal and popularity of the parties is shown party be the result of how the Nazi organisational model was deployed in practice within each national context.

scholarly journals Latvia’s Pērkonkrusts: Anti-German National Socialism in a Fascistogenic Milieu

Fascism ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-193
Author(s):  
Matthew Kott
Keyword(s):  
National Socialism ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
National Socialist ◽  
Apparent Paradox ◽  
German Occupation ◽  
Anti Semitism ◽  
The Holocaust ◽  
Socialist Movement

Aside from equating it with Hitlerism, there have been few scholarly attempts to define national socialism and specify its relation to the broader category of fascism. This article posits that national socialisms are a sub-genus of fascism, where the distinguishing feature is an ultaranationalism based on a palingenetic völkisch racism, of which anti-Semitism is an essential element. Thus, national socialism is not just mimetic Hitlerism, as Hitler is not even necessary. National socialist movements may even conceivably be opposed to the goals and actions of Hitlerism. To test this definition, the case of Latvia’s Pērkonkrusts [Thunder Cross] movement is analysed. Based on an analysis of its ideology, Pērkonkrusts is a national socialist movement with a völkisch racialist worldview, while also being essentially anti-German. The case study even addresses the apparent paradox that Pērkonkrusts both collaborated in the Holocaust, and engaged in resistance against the German occupation regime.

Establishing and Registering Identity in the Dutch Republic1

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henk Looijesteijn ◽  
Marco H. D. Van Leeuwen
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Entire Population ◽  
Dutch Republic ◽  
Balance Identity ◽  
Early Modern Era ◽  
Modern Era ◽  
Local Levels

The Dutch Republic had a broad range of means to establish an individual's identity, and a rudimentary ‘system’ of identity registration, essentially established at the local levels of town and parish. This chapter seeks to provide a description of the ways in which the Dutch established an individual's identity. The various registration methods covered almost the entire population of the Dutch Republic at some stage in their life, and it is argued that on balance identity registration in the Dutch Republic was fairly successful. The chapter contends that the degree to which identity was registered and monitored in the early modern era in the Netherlands, while certainly not wholly effective, is remarkable given the absence of a centralized state and the lack of a large bureaucracy.

scholarly journals Ruch Narodowo-Socjalistyczny NSB w Niderlandach i jego koncepcja polityki zagranicznej w latach 1931–1945

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 31-57
Author(s):  
Paweł Kołek
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
World War ◽  
National Socialist ◽  
Dominant Position ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Nation States ◽  
Close Cooperation ◽  
Socialist Movement

THE NATIONAL SOCIALIST MOVEMENT NSB IN THE NETHERLANDS AND ITS CONCEPT OF FOREIGN POLICY, 1931–1945The National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands NSB, established in 1931, was the most important collaborating political party in that country during World War II. The movement developed its own concept of foreign policy, which differed from the policy of Nazi Germany. The party aimed at upholding Europe’s dominant position in the world. To achieve that, the European system should be reconstructed and Germany’s leading role within it needed to be acknowledged. Close cooperation of nation-states should form the basis of the continental order. The prospective Dutch national state — “Dietsland” — was to be composed not only of the Dutch people, but also of the Flemish and the Afrikaners. This united country was also supposed to secure its colonial possessions overseas. This concept of foreign policy was maintained during the whole period of the movement’s existence, even though some minor modifications did occur in the meantime.

W cieniu Anny Frank. Szanse Żydów na przeżycie w okupowanej Holandii

2014 ◽  
pp. 384-406
Author(s):  
Bob Moore
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Jewish Population ◽  
Hostile Environment ◽  
Dutch Society ◽  
German Occupation

During the German occupation of the Netherlands between 1940 and 1945, around 75% of the country’s Jewish population were deported and killed, primarily in the extermination camps of Auschwitz and Sobibor. Much attention has been paid to the factors which explain this, but this article questions how any Jews managed to survive in an increasingly hostile environment where there were no ‘favorable factors’ to aid them. The analysis centers on the attitudes of the Jews towards acting illegally, their relationships with the rest of Dutch society, and the possible opportunities for escape and hiding. It also looks at the myriad problems associated with the day-to-day experiences of surviving underground

Spinoza and Biblical Philology in the Dutch Republic, 1660-1710

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jetze Touber
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Old Testament ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Dutch Reformed ◽  
Dutch Republic ◽  
Biblical Criticism ◽  
Ecclesiastical History ◽  
The Bible ◽  
Biblical Scholarship ◽  
Dutch Golden Age

This book investigates the biblical criticism of Spinoza from the perspective of the Dutch Reformed society in which the philosopher lived and worked. It focusses on philological investigation of the Bible: its words, its language, and the historical context in which it originated. The book charts contested issues of biblical philology in mainstream Dutch Calvinism, to determine whether Spinoza’s work on the Bible had any bearing on the Reformed understanding of the way society should engage with Scripture. Spinoza has received massive attention, both inside and outside academia. His unconventional interpretation of the Old Testament passages has been examined repeatedly over the decades. So has that of fellow ‘radicals’ (rationalists, radicals, deists, libertines, enthusiasts), against the backdrop of a society that is assumed to have been hostile, overwhelmed, static, and uniform. This book inverts this perspective and looks at how the Dutch Republic digested biblical philology and biblical criticism, including that of Spinoza. It takes into account the highly neglected area of the Reformed ministry and theology of the Dutch Golden Age. The result is that Dutch ecclesiastical history, up until now the preserve of the partisan scholarship of confessionalized church historians, is brought into dialogue with Early Modern intellectual currents. This book concludes that Spinoza, rather than simply pushing biblical scholarship in the direction of modernity, acted in an indirect way upon ongoing debates in Dutch society, shifting trends in those debates, but not always in the same direction, and not always equally profoundly, at all times, on all levels.

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